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Fig. 2

image

Top panel: surface angular velocity evolution for Kepler-444 in the case of a fast rotator (Ωini = 18 × Ω, solid blue line), a medium rotator (Ωini = 5 × Ω, solid magenta line), and a slow rotator (Ωini = 3.2 × Ω, solid black line). The red dot represents the surface angular velocity of Kepler-444-A at the age of the system (11 Gyr). The red-dashed line shows the critical velocity limit. The vertical black-dotted line indicates the age of the system, while the horizontal red-dotted line shows the value of the surface rotation at the age of the system. Bottom panel: evolution of the EUV (solid lines) and X-ray luminosities (dashed lines) computed according to Eqs. (7) and (8) relative to the different rotational histories considered. The vertical black-dotted line indicates the age of the system.

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