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Fig. 23

image

Statistics of simulations of Model III with tstart = 0.5 Myr, Speb = 5, and Rockypeb = 1 cm. Solid lines show stable systems, and dashed lines show unstable systems. The black lines show the results of our synthetic observations. The thick gray lines represent the Kepler planets. Upper-left panel: period ratio distribution of simulations and observations. Upper-right panel: KS-tests between the Kepler period ratio sample and our simulated detections of distributions mixing different real fractions of stable and unstable systems. Bottom-left panel: planet multiplicity distribution.The densely dashed green line shows the detected multiplicity distribution for a mix of 1% stable and 99% unstable systems. Bottom-right panel: distribution of the last collision epoch after gas dispersal. About 88% of these systems became unstable after gas dispersal.

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