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Fig. 1

image

Percentage change of the planetesimal disk mass disk, the total disk mass Mdisk, and the radial pebble flux at 5 au. The disk mass (red dots) is normalized by the total disk mass after 106 yr. The green dots indicate the disk-mass increase every 104 yr (disk), normalized by the maximum mass change (disk, max). The blue dots indicate the pebble flux every 104 yr (peb), normalized by the maximum pebble flux (peb, max). We find that ~90% of planetesimals have formed within 400 kyr with a peak in the pebble flux at ~75 kyr and another in planetesimal formation at ~115 kyr.

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