a: star formation rate as a function of stellar mass, the MS relation at different redshifts from Speagle et al. (2014) is shown as dotted green lines. b–d: SFR, molecular gas to stellar mass ratio, and depletion time, respectively, all normalized by the corresponding MS values (Speagle et al. 2014; Tacconi et al. 2018), as a function of the stellar mass. The color code for the data points is analogous to Fig. 3. Panels b–d: the horizontal dashed line refers to the MS value, that is, the y-axis value equal to unity, while the horizontal dotted lines show the range of y-axis values corresponding to MS galaxies.