Robust defective-pixel identification on the sensor region corresponding to the region of interest of Figs. 5 and 7b. In addition to the known defective pixels (green), the robust penalisation can flag additional unusable pixels in a given acquisition that are blinking (red) or hit by an energetic particle (blue). a,b: raw data (a) and intensity (b) predicted by the model (colour bar: adu). c: equivalent weights obtained by the robust penalisation (cubic stretch). d: new map of the unconsidered pixels. e–h: zooms on (a–d).