Density distribution emerging when recording particle positions in a frame co-rotating with the planet’s line of apsides (β = 0.005). (a) Apsidal alignment pattern that forms under the presence of Mars alone. Also apparent is a disparity of the density inside the inner edges of the crescents. (b) Density distribution under the presence of all planets, recorded in a frame co-rotating with Mars’s apse line. The colour scale is the same as in (a). The presence of the apsidal alignment pattern generated by Mars is evident from the modulation of the contrast of Earth’s resonant ring with respect to Mars’s apse line. The orbit of Mars was plotted with the mean eccentricity it had over the duration of the simulation. The plotted orbit of Earth is a circular 1 au orbit. (c) Density distribution under the presence of all planets, recorded in a frame co-rotating with Mercury’s apse line. Mercury likewise generates an apsidal alignment pattern, forming just inside the depletion ring at the internal Venus MMRs. The orbit of Mercury was plotted with the mean eccentricity it had over the duration of the simulation.