Left: probability function G(δ) for the L512.5 model with a particle-density limit δ₀ = 5 and scatter of the particle-density limit σ = 0,  1,  2. Right: bias parameters b as functions of the particle-density limit, δ₀, found from power spectra of biased models for particle-density limits, δ₀. Coloured filled circles show calculated bias parameters from spectra for three values of the scatter of the particle-density limit, and coloured curves show bias functions according to Eq. (3).