Clumpy model spectra. Viewing angles (dashed & solid lines) and LOS column densities (labelled at their respective turn-overs energies) gives diversity in spectral shapes. The highest column density, N_H = 10²⁶ cm⁻² is shown in red. The lines present typical face-on viewing angles (dotted lines, preferentially low column densities, 0°) and edge-on viewing angles (solid and dashed lines, preferentially high column densities, 90°). The dashed lines have the inner ring described in Sect. 3.3 enabled.