Fig. 8

Left panel: evolutionary trajectory of a Type-F particle associated with Set 3 of N-body simulations in the (Ω2, i2) plane (black curve). The initial orbital parameters of this particle are a2 = 23.580 au, e2 = 0.331, i2 = 72.326°, ω2 = 134.249°, and Ω2 = 247.646°. The values of a1 and e1 of the inner Jupiter-mass planet of the system are 1.333 au and 0.566, respectively. The red and blue curves illustrate the separatrix and the pairs (Ω2, i2) that vanish the ω2 quadrupole precession rate for an inner perturber of e1 = 0.566, respectively. Right panel: temporal evolution of the argument of pericenter ω2 of such a particle.
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