Mass-loss rate as a function of pulsation period for all models that develop a wind (indicated in red in Fig. 6), colour-coded according to stellar mass (as in Fig. 8). The linked points show the average mass-loss rate at the indicated periods for a specific mass. We also include observations of nearby M-type AGB stars (Olofsson et al. 2002; González Delgado et al. 2003) based on CO line emission, as well as a set of OH/IR stars (De Beck et al. 2010; He & Chen 2001) with mass-loss estimates based on CO-lines and dust, respectively.