Open Access

Fig. 13.

image

RADEX simulations. We consider a standard CO abundance NCO = 10−4NH2⟩. We measure a mean molecular hydrogen column density of 3 × 1020 cm−2 that we correct for the surface beam filling factor (ηbf = 0.052) assuming the CO(2-1) is optically thick and computed for Tex = 5 K. Last, we estimate a mean ΔV of 30 km s−1. Left panel: the different line types represent the simulations for 3 different kinetic temperature Tkin. Left and right panels: expected CO(2-1) to CO(1-0) line ratio (in temperature) and excitation temperature of the 2 lines, respectively, as a function of the hydrogen density. Right panel: the black (resp. grey) lines correspond to the CO(1-0) (resp. CO(2-1)) line. The green, blue, and magenta ticks correspond to the line ratios measured in the 3 positions. This shows that this gas is subthermally excited and well below the expected critical density for a kinetic temperature of 10 K, cm−3 and cm−3.

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