Fig. 8

Evolution of a system that underwent a late but relatively modest instability. Semi-major axis (top left panel), planetary mass (top right panel), eccentricity (bottom left panel) and inclination (bottom right panel) of 60 planetary embryos as function of time. The gas disc lifetime is 3 Myr after injection of the planetary embryos, which migrate with the Kanagawa et al. (2018) prescription with αmig = 0.0001 and grow with a Speb = 2.5. The blue dot in the planetary mass plot marks when the planet indicated by the blue line reaches pebble isolation mass, blocking the flux of pebbles to the inner disc. At this time, the black bodies stop accreting pebbles as well (black dot) and thus start to slow contract their envelope. The black, grey and coloured lines show the same behaviour as bodies in Fig. 3. At the end of the system evolution, the super-Earth (red) has an eccentricity of ~0.1 and an inclination of a few degrees, while the remaining gas giants have eccentricities up to ~0.05 and inclinations of only up to ~1°.
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