Population synthesis plot for ξ = 0.01 and a temperature of T₁ = 280 K at r = 1 AU. The larger aspect ratio H∕r, compared to Fig. 7, slows down type I migration to a degree that icy protoplanets formed beyond the water ice line either stay small or grow into gas giant cores. This yields mainly dry super-Earths interior of the water ice line, in agreement with constraints from exoplanet observations (Owen & Wu 2017). However, the increased gas scale-height also slows down both pebble accretion and gas accretion, resulting in fewer gas giants in the outer regions of the protoplanetary disc.