Free Access

Fig. 6

image

Final orbits (left axis) and final total mass, core mass, and gas (right axis) for protoplanets starting from 1 to 50 AU (bottom/top axis), at three starting different times, t0 = 0.3, 0.9, 1.5 Myr (bottom to top panels) and for two values of ξ = 0.01, 0.02 (left and right panels). The dotted lines indicate masses or orbits of 5, 100, and 300. Protoplanets starting far from the star experience both little growth and migration. As the starting position approaches the star, the core mass grows towards 10 ME, triggering rapid migration and gas accretion. However, protoplanets that start inside 5 AU have very protracted gas accretion due to the low pebble isolation mass there. The best analogues of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune start their assembly in the region around 25 AU for ξ = 0.02 and t0 = 0.9 Myr.

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.