Fig. 10

Growth maps for six variations of our nominal model. Top panels: higher and lower Stokes number, St = 0.03 and St = 0.003. The Stokes number is an important factor in the pebble-accretion rate, particularly in the initial stage of 3D pebble accretion. Middle panels: higher turbulent viscosity (and turbulent diffusion), αv = 0.0003 and αv = 0.001. Planet formation is pushed to earlier times as the turbulent viscosity is increased. Bottom panels: variations of the gap formation prescriptions, either using the 50% gap mass from the 2D simulations of Kanagawa et al. (2018) and the pebble isolation mass from the 3D simulations of Bitsch et al. (2018b; bottom left panel) or using the 50% gap mass from the 2Dsimulations of Kanagawa et al. (2018) and a pebble isolation mass that is less than that value by a factor of 2.3. Both result in decreased migration and decreased gas accretion.
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