Effect of radiation damage on RVS outputs as a function of magnitude (G_RVS≃ V − 0.87 for G2V stars) for a fluence of 10⁹ p⁺ cm⁻² (10 MeV equivalent). Top: trapping and delayed release biases the shape of the lines, so that the velocity cross-correlation can be affected by 1.5 pix (~ 13 km s⁻¹) for the faintest stars. Centre: spectral lines are filled in by the released traps, reducing the equivalent width by ~ 30%, while (bottom) a total charge fraction exceeding 10% is lost from the spectrum.