Single scattering matrix elements of Earth-like cloud particles (solid lines), Venus-like cloud particles (dashed-dotted lines), and Rayleigh scattering molecules (dashed lines) at 0.55 μm. Elements P₁₁ have been normalized such that their averages over all scattering angles equal one, and the other elements have been normalized to P₁₁. For sphericalparticles, such as the cloud particles, P₂₂∕P₁₁ = 1, P₃₄ = −P₄₃, and P₃₃ = P₄₄. The Earth-like cloud particles are described by a two-parameter gamma size distribution with r_eff = 8.0 μm and v_eff = 0.1. Their refractive index is 1.33 + 10⁻⁸i (Hale & Querry 1973). The Venus-like cloud particles have r_eff = 1.05 μm, v_eff = 0.07, and a refractive index of 1.44 + 0.015i (Hansen & Hovenier 1974).