Results obtained from low-redshift background probes combined with measurements of the growth of matter perturbations. Top panel: best-fit values for Ω_m, n, ϵ, r_d × H₀/c, and H₀ parameters for all the cosmological and luminosity evolution models under consideration. The values for these parameters when no luminosity evolution is allowed are represented with bands as a reference. Bottom panel: goodness of fit and values for the luminosity evolution models under study (see Fig. 1).