Results obtained from low-redshift background probes. Top panel: best-fit values for Ω_m, n, ϵ, r_d × H₀/c, and H₀ parameters for all the cosmological and luminosity evolution models under consideration. The values for these parameters when no luminosity evolution is allowed are represented with bands as a reference. Bottom panel: goodness of fit statistics and difference of the χ² values, , for the luminosity evolution models under study. The vertical solid line in the left plot illustrates the goodness of fit statistics for the standard ΛCDM imposing no luminosity evolution. The various gray bands in the right plot show the strength of Δχ² given by the Jeffrey scale (see the text for details).