Total luminosity (L_obj) vs. evolutionary time (t_evol) diagram. The time is counted from the onset of core collapse. The horizontal dashed lines mark the maximum VeLLO luminosity of 0.1 L_⊙. The gray-scale mosaic presents the fraction of total time (in per cent) that all models spend in various bins in the L_obj–t_evol diagram. The corresponding scale bar shows this fraction in per cent. The red, orange, and blue dots present the model data for the FHSC, Class 0 and Class I phases, respectively.