Various integrated quantities as a function of time, for the quadrupolar simulations with different ν₀ (indicated by line styles). The format is the same as Fig. 4. For clarity, panel d) shows only the run with ν₀ = 0.36 × 10^-5 s^-1, and only for the northern hemisphere, although the hemispheres are no longer symmetric. The peak value of S₁ during the flux rope eruption is not shown, and is much larger, about − 1.16 Mx² day^-1.