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Fig. 1

image

Overview of the growth barriers in our fiducial disc model. The red line corresponds to a Stokes number of unity. The yellow region marks the fragmentation barrier where the impact speeds would be higher then the threshold value of 10 m s-1. The grey region shows the size scale for which the drift timescale is shorter than the growth timescale, meaning that the aggregates would be removed from a given location faster than the growth could replenish them: this is the drift barrier. The light grey vertical lines are tracks of test particles evolving by growth and drift in a steady-state disc. Finally, the blue nearly horizontal line shows the size scale corresponding to the Stokes number of 10-2, which is a minimum size required for planetesimal formation via the streaming instability.

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