Generation rate of radially integrated toroidal magnetic flux as a function of time and latitude based on KPNO/VTT and SOLIS synoptic magnetograms. Upper left: flux generation by latitudinal shear. Upper right: flux generation by radial shear. Lower left: flux generation by latitudinal and radial shear combined. Lower right: change of integrated toroidal flux estimated from the sunspot emergence rate. We note the different scaling for the color bar of this plot. Black contours outline the region where sunspots were observed to emerge.