Volume-averaged temperature in the outer 1% of the stellar radius for the non-accreting model (mdot0) and for the accreting models (cases e1 to e9) at time t = 3 × 10⁷ s. At this stage 1.9 × 10²⁹ g has been accreted (3 × 10⁷ s of accretion at an accretion rate of 1 × 10^-4M_⊙ yr^-1). Curves labelled e1−e9 correspond to the accreting calculations with varying e_acc (see Table 1 for the specific internal energies of the accreted material).