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Table 1
Extracted features.
| Gradient features | FE features |
| Gradient mean | FE sum |
| Gradient std | FE absolute sum |
| Gradient median | FE gradient sum |
| Gradient min | FE 3σ area |
| Gradient max | FE mean |
| Gradient skewness | FE std |
| Gradient kurtosis | FE median |
| FE min | |
| Neutral line features | FE max |
| NL length | |
| NL no. fragments | Wavelet features |
| NL gradient-weighted length | Wavelet energy level 1 |
| NL curvature mean | Wavelet energy level 2 |
| NL curvature std | Wavelet energy level 3 |
| NL curvature median | Wavelet energy level 4 |
| NL curvature min | Wavelet energy level 5 |
| NL curvature max | |
| NL bending energy mean | Flux features |
| NL bending energy std | Total unsigned flux |
| NL bending energy median | Total signed flux |
| NL bending energy min | Total negative flux |
| NL bending energy max | Total positive flux |
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