Top panel: cut of 37 × 37 pixels from the top panel of Fig. 9. Central panel: intensity map of a small portion of the solar surface at μ = 1 from the RHD of Table 1. The intensity range is [2.0–4.3 × 10⁶ erg cm^-2 s^-1 Å^-1]. Bottom panel: ToV on the solar-disk image constructed with the tiling procedure of Sect. 2.3, but with real granulation observations (top panel and Fig. 9) of Hinode (see text for details). A constant value is used for the intensity of Venus.