Fig. 1

Top: observed (O) topocentric RadioAstron downlink signal carrier frequencies (thick lines) versus computed (C) model values (thin lines). Bottom: differential frequencies (observed minus computed using the nominal orbital solution). Predictions account for geometrical, instrumental (including clock offsets/rates with respect to the GPS time scale), and propagation effects. Experiment GK047A, 2013.03.09-10.
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