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Fig. 1

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Trajectories of test particles as injected from the mass center (example curves starting at R = 0). The particles are initially given different velocities and then allowed to travel for a given time T0 (=13.7 Ga here). The end points of the curves show the locations at the time T0. The curves marked “ΛCDM” and “no local DE” are the loci of the various particles at the time T0 for the standard model (with DE on all scales) and for the Swiss Cheese model (no DE on local scales), respectively. The vertical line shows the zero-gravity distance. We note the minimum velocity at R = RZG for each ΛCDM model trajectory. Here the central mass is 2 × 1012 M.

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