Comparison of the mass-loss rates for the present model grid with the values computed from the mass-loss rate formula of Wachter et al. (2002) using the same stellar parameters. The top panel shows the result for all models with winds, while the lower panel shows it for a subsample of models that fall within the range for which the formula was originally derived (log (C–O) + 12 = 8.2 and 8.5 and one solar mass). The systematic differences are due to differences in the underlying models, see text.