Spatial decomposition (Sect. 2.3). Single scales ℐ_λDj of the simulated image ℐ_λD (Fig. 3) are shown for j = 18,32,46,60,74, N_S = 99, f_S = 1.079, , S_NS = 9609″. The scales S_j are separated by a factor of 3 to illustrate the spatial decomposition; negative areas surrounding the filament are the direct consequence of the subtraction in Eq. (2). Scale sizes S_j are visualized and annotated here and in all subsequent similar figures.