Top: gas radial temperature profiles. In particular, the red line presents the azimuthally averaged midplane temperature T_mp derived from hydrodynamical simulations at t = 0.131 Myr and the total stellar luminosity L_∗ = 9  L_⊙. The black solid line shows the gas temperature derived using the TORUS radiation transfer code, for the same gas density distribution and stellar luminosity as in the hydro model (case 1). The dashed solid line presents the TORUS calculation of the gas temperature for the same gas density distribution (case 1) but a higher stellar luminosity of 100  L_⊙. Finally, the blue line shows the gas temperature calculated by the TORUS code for a spherically symmetric gas density distribution representing an infalling spherical envelope with the same mass as in the hydro model (case 2). Bottom: the gas volume density distribution used by the TORUS code (case 1) to calculate the gas temperatures (black solid and dashed lines). The scale bar is in g cm^-3.