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Fig. 3

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Evolution in time of the S1 simulation, which uses a protoplanetary disk of 0.125 M. The planetary embryos are plotted as red circles, the planetesimals as small black points. The solid black curves denoted by q = 0.8 AU and Q = 1.5 AU represent curves of constant perihelion and aphelion, respectively. The sky-blue zone indicates the HZ. Only one planet survives in the HZ after 200 Myr of evolution. This planet is a super-Earth located at 0.93 AU with a mass of 3.16 M and a water content of 9.1% by mass, which is equal to 1027 Earth oceans. A color version of this figure is available in the electronic version of the journal.

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