Fig. 12

Evolution in time of a simulation using a protoplanetary disk of 0.15 M⊙. The planetary embryos are represented as red circles, the planetesimals as small black points. The solid black curves denoted by q = 0.8 AU and Q = 1.5 AU are curves of constant perihelion and aphelion, respectively. The HZ is represented by the sky-blue region. After 200 Myr, two massive planets with masses of 9.7 and 8.8 M⊕ are formed in 2.7 and 5.5 AU, respectively. Moreover, a super-Earth of 5.9 M⊕ is located at 1.91 AU. The accretion seed of this planet started the simulation beyond the snow line. Finally, a planet survives in the HZ with a mass of 4.5 M⊕ and a water content of 4.5% by mass, which equals 723 Earth oceans. A color version of this figure is available in the electronic version of the journal.
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