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Fig. 11

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Snapshots in time of the evolution of a simulation that uses a protoplanetary disk of 0.1 M. The planetary embryos and planetesimals are plotted as red circles and small black points, respectively. The solid black curves denoted by q = 0.8 AU and Q = 1.5 AU are curves of constant perihelion and aphelion, respectively. The sky-blue zone represents the HZ. After 200 Myr, three super-Earths of about 4 M are formed between 1 AU and 3.5 AU. All of them started the simulation beyond the snow line and are therefore water-rich bodies. In particular, one of them survives in the HZ. This planet is a real water world with a mass of 4.2 M and a water content of 39.3% by mass, which is equal to 5895 Earth oceans. A color version of this figure is available in the electronic version of the journal.

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