Left panel: graph of versus calculated for the PSD from Eq. (4). The deformed grid of contour lines corresponds to curves of α = const. and K = const. in the parameter space of the model, where ω_∞ ≥ ω₀ by construction. It follows that the image of the entire parameter space lies above the green diagonal line of ω_∞ = ω₀. Middle panel: the upper-left rectangular sector of acceptable pairs of ω₀ and ω_∞ from the left panel is projected back onto the (α,K) parameter space. Assuming the first-order boundaries of and , the pairs of α vs. K outside of the filled (red) area lead to the power spectrum, which can not have any local extrema at ω_M. These parameter values are therefore ruled out. Right panel: analogical to the middle panel, but employing tighter (second-order) boundaries and ; in this case, the parameter constraints are more stringent (the filled area is smaller).