R-band image of Lupus 3 (from CSL) marking the positions of spectroscopically confirmed members having an estimated log g = 3.5 − 4.0 that fulfill the criterion described by CSL to identify possible members of the Lupus clouds, including those members already identified in previous studies. Red circles represent objects with significant infrared excess (spectral index n >  − 2) and blue triangles are objects with moderate or no excess. The large circumference marks the limits of the area chosen to split the sample into an “on-cloud” population and a “distributed” population, as discussed in the text.