This figure shows the computing time of both the gridding and convolution function steps for a 10 degree diameter field of view, a maximum w-coordinate of 10⁴ m and a time-window of T_window = 1200 s. When the DDE vary rapidly (such as in the case of the ionosphere), a baseline-dependent convolution function is often required, and the convolution function computing time can largely exceed the gridding computing time. Our hybrid W-staking algorithm is not affected by this scaling law.