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Table 1

Predicted visual magnitudes at the pre-supernova stage for different final masses of helium stars.

Final mass SN Typea Helium envelope Single/Binary Mv

Mf ≳ 9 M Type Ic Stripped-off Single or Binary Mv =  −1.5 ···     −2.5
6 ≲ Mf ≲ 8 M Type Ib Retained Single or Binary Mv =  −4 ···     −5b
2 ≲ Mf ≲ 5 Mc Type Ib Retained Binary or merger remnant Mv =  −2 ···     −4 (MR =  −2.0 ···     −5.5)
2 ≲ Mf ≲ 5 Mc Type Ic Stripped-off Binary Mv ≳ 1

Notes. 

(a)

SN Ic is assumed if the helium envelope is stripped off from the progenitor (MHe ≲ 0.5 M) and SN Ib otherwise. However, this may also depend on the history of chemical mixing during the supernova explosion as shown by Dessart et al. (2012).

(b)

This estimate is based on the assumption that the helium stars of this mass range still have optically thick WR winds. If not, Mv is larger (Mv ≳  −2).

(c)

The lower limit of 2 M is an arbitrary choice, but SNe Ibc with M < 2 M are likely to be very faint and difficult to discover.

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