The 3D dirty beam. a) A 2D slice through the cube in the sky plane at φ = 0 rad/m². The magnitude of the complex valued beam is shown. The bottom contour begins at 0.01 and there is a step of 2 between levels. Negative contours are marked with dashed lines. b) Another view of the beam, now at φ = 50 rad/m². c) A 1D profile through the center of the sky plane at (0^′′, 0^′′). d) A 1D profile along the LOS at ( − 3.5^′′, 0.2^′′), marked with an “ × ” in a) and b). The magnitude of the profiles are shown as a solid line, while dashed and dotted lines indicate the real and imaginary parts, respectively.