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Fig. 6

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Effective energy loss rate of an electron  ⟨ ∂E/∂t ⟩ eff using Eq. (17), at 0.5 s. Collisional losses from Eq. (1) (black dashed line), collisional losses as in Fig. 1 (black line); constant density gradient as in Fig. 3 (blue line); random density fluctuations as in Fig. 4 (red line); non-linear interactions in inhomogeneous plasma as in Fig. 5 (green line).

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