From left to right: Run D_cl (closed model), Run D_1L (one-layer model), and Run D (three-layer model). For all the runs χ₀ ≈ 0.2, for the one-layer and three-layer models χ_L ≈ 11. Top panels: time evolution of the net energy flux F. Bottom panels: time evolution of the coronal energy (E) and dissipation below (D). Time is normalized to the input nonlinear timescale , energy is normalized to the injection energy at the left boundary , dissipation and flux are normalized to Hollweg expression .