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Home All issues Volume 531 (July 2011) A&A, 531 (2011) A172 Full HTML
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Issue
A&A
Volume 531, July 2011
Article Number A172
Number of page(s) 11
Section Catalogs and data
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201116494
Published online 08 July 2011

© ESO, 2011

1. Introduction

Planetary nebulae (PNe) are some of the most beautiful objects in the sky. There are about 3000 catalogued PNe in our galaxy, but only 13% of their progenitors have been spectroscopically identified. The variety of spectral types in these stars was shown by Weidmann & Gamen (2011, hereafter Paper I).

Identifying of the ionizing star of a PN is not always easy because most of them are optically faint objects (low luminosity), and sometimes they are not at the geometric center, because the nebula interacts with the interstellar medium (Tweedy & Napiwotzki 1994). Also, PNe are concentrated toward the plane and bulge of the Galaxy, where crowding and interstellar dust make it difficult to observe and identify they progenitors. That the PNe are easily confused with other types of objects (Frew & Parker 2010) complicates this picture even more and introduces confusion into statistical works. At present, many non-PNe remain hidden in the catalogs of PNe (Paron & Weidmann 2010).

A strong effort has been made in recent years to improve and increase the spectroscopic observations of central stars of PN (CSPN), which together with stellar atmosphere models should help for understanding the physics of this heterogeneous group of stars. However, the faintness of most of the CSPNe makes their spectroscopic observation a very time-demanding task, and thus the studies of these objects progress slowly. A consequence of all these problems is the very low number of new identified OB-type CSPNe (harder to detect than emission-line stars). There were 60 OB stars listed in Acker et al. (1992), and only seven newly identified OB stars have been reported until 2010 (see Paper I).

We are carrying out a spectroscopic survey of unclassified CSPN (see Paper I), the first results of which are presented in this second paper. We describe the observations and reduction of data in detail (Sect. 2). We analyze and show the spectra of OB-type and emission-line stars for classification purposes and comparison studies (Sect. 3.1). We hope that this work will help guide future observations and lead to a more reliable determination of the stellar parameters of the objects presented here, in particular the absorption-line central stars.

2. Observations and data reduction

The REOSC spectrograph attached to the 2.15-m telescope at CASLEO, Argentina, was employed in this survey. It is equipped with a CCD Tek 1024  ×  1024 pixels (24 μm) and a read-noise of 7.4 e-1 pixel-1. A 300 line mm-1 grating, named #270 and blazed in the blue, was used, and it yielded a dispersion of 3.4 Å  pixel-1 to the first order (a resolving power R t2000). On some nights, a grating of 600 line mm-1 (#260) was used (1.6 Å pixel-1). The gratings were used with an unique tilt, giving a typical wavelength range of 3500–7000 Å (3875–5530 Å with the #260). The slit was always centered on the CSPN, oriented in the east-west direction and opened to 3′′ (consistent with the seeing at the site). The wavelength calibration was performed using Cu-Ne-Ar comparison arcs. At least two spectrophotometric standards (from Hamuy et al. 1992) were observed during each observing night, and were used for flux calibration (these stars are detailed in Table 3). The 2D optical spectra were processed using IRAF1, following standard techniques. In most of our spectra we did not subtract the nebular emission lines. For that reason some lines were useless for classification purposes. The spectra were flux-calibrated with the standard stars shown in Table 3 and the extinction coefficients calculated for CASLEO by Minniti et al. (1989), and dereddened using the c(Hβ) published by Tylenda et al. (1992).

thumbnail Fig. 1

The intensity ratios of the O iii 4959, 5007 Å and the N ii 6548, 6584 Å lines. The defined region indicates the value expected from the observational data compiled by Acker et al. (1989).

The quality of the data and their reduction can be assessed by looking at the line ratios of [O iii] 5007/4959 Å and [N ii] 6584/6548 doublets, which are not very sensitive to nebular conditions. Figure 1 shows that the [Oiii] line ratios lie around the expected value of 3.01 (Acker et al. 1989). The situation is quite different for the [Nii] lines, but this is due to the blending of these lines with Hα in our spectra.

3. Spectral classification

3.1. Brief description of spectral types observed in CSPN

CSPN can be divided into two well-defined groups, i.e. H-rich and H-poor (Méndez 1991). For stars in the former group, hydrogen is the dominant element. Their more common spectral types are O and O f and, to a lesser extent, early B (stars with Teff < 20   000 K could not ionize the nebula), B [e ] , sdO, and white dwarfs of the types DA and DAO2.

In the H-poor group, the stellar spectrum is almost free of hydrogen, while helium and carbon are the most prominent elements. In general the spectra of H-poor CSPN is dominated by the broad and intense emission lines typical of Wolf-Rayet stars [WR], usually of [WC] subtype, and a few of [WO]. The [WC] stars are dominated by the C iii 5696 Å line, since the C iv lines are fainter, and their disappear after the [WC9] class (see Méndez 1982 and 1991). The [WO] stars are dominated by the C iv 5806 Å lines (and high excitation O-lines, e.g. O vi 3822 Å). In addition, there are a couple of debatable galactic [WN] CSPN (PMR 5 discovered by Morgan et al. (2003) but questioned by Todt et al. (2010a), PB 8, classified by Todt et al. (2010b) as [WN/WC] and A 48 classified by DePew et al. (2011) as a possible [WN] or [WN/WC]) but with a rather high H abundance of 40%, which might mean that a spectral type Of-WR(H) is a preferable description of the spectrum.

A subgroup of CSPN, defined by Tylenda et al. (1993, hereafter TA1993), shows emission lines narrower and weaker than the [WR] stars, called wels (weak emission-line stars). Differences between wels and [WC] are subtle, and there is no clear criterion to distinguish both spectral types (see e.g. Marcolino & de Araújo 2003). The most important feature in wels is the C iv 5806 Å that is systematically weaker and narrower than for the [WC4-8]. Moreover, C iii is very weak or else absent in canonical wels. The blend of C and N ions at 4650 Å is also generally detectable in wels (note the emission of C iv at 4658 Å in Fig. 10). Corradi et al. (2011) proposes that it comes from the irradiated zone in close binary systems, NGC 6326 is an unambiguous example (Miszalski et al. 2011). However, the wels are probably a heterogeneous group of stars, and certainly not all of them are binary systems.

Table 1

Spectral types from our observations.

On the other hand, the nebular contamination might lead to an incorrect classification; i.e., some Of stars may have key absorption lines filled in by the nebular emission and may be classified as wels instead.

The H-poor CSPN can also display spectra with absorption lines (sometime dominated by them), named as PG 1159,  [WC ] -PG1159, O(He)3, and DO. In addition, there is a small group of stars with the characteristics of the PG 1159 stars, but they also show hydrogen absorption lines. These objects are called hybrids-PG1159 stars (Napiwotzki & Schönberner 1991). It is important to mention that some spectral types also found in the literature are currently included in the classification scheme described above, such as: Of-WR(C) into [WC]-PG1159, O(C) into PG 1159, and Of-WR(H) into wels.

3.2. Classification and criteria

Whenever possible, we have tried to determine the spectral types of our CSPN sample. For all those showing a stellar continuum with H or He absorption lines, we tried to carry out a spectral classification in the MK system. This was done by taking the spectral types from the Atlas of Walborn & Fitzpatrick (1990). For PNe with H-poor cores (i.e., with [WR]-type central stars), we followed the criteria defined by TA1993 and Acker & Neiner (2003, Table 2). This classification is based on the FWHM and dereddened strength with respect to the continuum of several emission lines. Concerning wels, as stated above, there is no robust quantitative criterion leading to any certainty in the classification. However, we used the work of TA1993 (their Table 6), which is based on dereddened lines at λ 4650 Å and C iv 5806 Å.

Our spectral classifications are presented in the third column of Table 1. The FWHM and Wλ of the emission lines used to derive those classifications are listed in Table 2. The spectra of the classified CSPN are shown in Figs. 2–13 (sorted by spectral types). In the case of emission-line stars, we preferred to show only the spectral range where the more intense lines are located.

For those spectra where quantitative classification was not possible, the presence of C iv λ5806 and the absence of C iii λ5696 resulted in a “wels” type. The detection of the C iii line indicates a [WC]. Finally, eight CSPN were tagged as “wels?” because the lines of C iv 5806 Å and C iii 5696 Å are absent (or very weak), but we detected the complex at 4650 Å. In all these cases we could identify C iv 4658 Å and He ii 4686 Å. Some wels do not have emission at C iv; see Marcolino & de Araújo (2003).

The equivalent width and FWHM measured in our spectra are much lower than those published by TA1993, perhaps because of the low S/N of our spectra. However, the FWHM of the nebular emission line is  ~9 Å, indicating that the lines shown in Table 2 in fact belong to the stars. On the other hand, taking the mean wavelength of the blend at 4650 Å into account, we could confirm that the principal contributing element in the wels is N, as was shown by TA1993.

Table 2

Measurements of the strongest stellar emission lines used to classify our sample of [WC] and wels CSPN.

3.3. Notes on some individual CSPN

IC 4634 (PN G000.3+12.2): wels. Emission lines of C iv at 5801–11 Å seem to be resolved, suggesting narrow lines. Also, the emission blend C iii + C iv at 4654 Å is present. In addition, we observe absorption lines of He ii at 4541 Å. Although we cannot rule out an Of spectral type, since a weak emission at 5806 can be observed in very early O-type stars, e.g. in the spectrum of HD 93129A (private spectrum of Gamen), the strong emissions of C iv suggest a wels rather than an Of star. This object was previously classified as continuous by Hyung et al. (1999) and Feibelman (1994).

IC 5148 (PN G002.7−52.4): O?. We were able to minimize the nebula contamination and to identify the absorption lines of the Balmer series and He ii 4686 Å (the later confirming an O-type spectrum). Méndez (1991) classified this star as hgO(H). Nevertheless, IC 5148 does not seem to be an evolved object.

Ap 1-12 (PN G003.3−04.6): peculiar. We identify absorption lines of He i λλ 4387, 4471, 4920, and 5876 Å, He ii 5412 Å (weak), C iii 4650 Å, and C iv 5806. Moreover, the emission line of C iii 5696 Å is noticeable, and there is no evidence of C ii. Górny et al. (2009) classify this star as a [WCL], based on the detection of C iii 5696 Å. Ap 1-12 is spectroscopically similar (except for the lack of C ii) to the peculiar CSPN IRAS 21282+5050 (Acker & Neiner 2003; Crowther et al. 1998).

A 14 (PN G197.8−03.3): B8-9. In this spectrum the Balmer series is clearly visible in absorption. Along with the lack of Ca ii 3933 Å and He i absorption lines, this seems to indicate a late B spectral type. This star was classified as B5 III-V by Lutz & Kaler (1987), according to its dereddened colors. Such a cool spectral type cannot explain the high ionization of the nebula (Bohigas 2003), so it must be a binary system.

K 2-2 (PN G204.1+04.7): early O. We note the presence of the Balmer lines and strong He ii lines at 4686 Å and 5412 Å, whereas there is no sign of He i lines. Therefore, we propose an early-O type for this star. Napiwotzki & Schönberner (1995) classify it as hgO(H).

M 1-6 (PN G211.2−03.5), M 1-11 (PN G232.8−04.7) and M 1-12 (PN G235.3−03.9): The emission-line nature of these stars was first noted by Kondrat’eva (1994). However, she did not classify the stars.

DeHt 1 (PN G228.2−22.1): K0-4e. The most important feature is the very strong Hα emission. We took several echelle spectra of this CSPN and observed that the emission line is double and its radial velocity variable. While Bond et al. (1989) did not mention Hα emission, they commented on the strong Mg ii and Ca ii emission, which could arise from a fast-rotating cool component in a binary system. We do not detect the H and K lines in emission, so they may be variable. We would like to point out the absorption lines of the CH G-band λ4300 and Na i λ5892 (Fig. 5).

SaSt 2-3 (PN G232.0+05.7): B. Absorption lines He i 4920 Å and 4713 Å (weak) and C iii 4650 Å (strong) are observed. There are also hints of Si iv 4089 Å and 4116 Å. Kohoutek (1997) suggest this could be a PPN. Pereira & Miranda (2007) note He absorption lines and an absorption line that they suggest is due to C iv at 4658. Stellar absorption lines were also seen in the spectrum presented by Dopita & Hua (1997). This object deserves more detailed studies.

M 3-6 (PN G253.9+05.7): wels. He ii absorption lines are observed at 4200 and 4541 Å and possibly 5412 Å. A strong emission of C iv 5806 Å is seen, as is the typical group of wels emission lines around 4650 Å. But, as in the case of IC 4634, an Of classification cannot be rejected. This object is also classified as wels by Acker & Neiner (2003). Finally, a binary nature could explain this composite spectrum.

PHR 1416-5809 (PN G313.9+02.8): [WC9]. A very recent study by DePew et al. (2011) also classifies this star as [WC9].

NGC 6026 (PN G341.6+13.7): O7. We observe absorption lines of the Balmer series, He i is observed at 4471, 4920, 5876, and 6678 Å, and He ii at 5412, 4686, 4541, 4200, and 4026 Å. Possible absorption of C iii is seen at 4650 Å. The intensities of the lines 4541 and 4471 are comparable, suggesting a type O7. Hillwig et al. (2010) show that this is a close binary.

Sp 3 (PN G342.5−14.3): early O. Balmer lines and He ii 4200 Å, 4541 Å, 4686 Å, and 5411 Å are identified but no He i is present in our spectrum. An emission of C iv 5806 Å is present (see description of M 3-6). Through observations in the UV, Gauba et al. (2001) classify it as O3V and a possible binary.

IC 4699 (PN G348.0 − 13.8): wels. Gorny et al. (2009) suggest it is a wels by examination of the measured lines tabulated by Wang & Liu (2007).

NGC 6337 (PN G349.3 − 01.1): wels. The spectrum presents an intense emission of C iv at 5806 Å and another wide emission at 4642 Å. Hillwig et al. (2010) show that this is a close binary. In this case, the wels features may come from an irradiated secondary.

M 1-27 (PNG356.5−02.3): peculiar. This is a very interesting object, because we observed absorption lines of O iii at 5592 and He ii at 5412 Å. But there is a clear emission line of C iii at 5696 Å and a lack of C ii. On the other hand, Méndez (priv. comm.) reports other absorption lines, such as C iv λ5806, He ii λ4686, and Hγ. Such characteristics are observed in the nucleus of the PNe K 2-16, IRAS 21282+5050, and Ap 1-12 (see description of this spectrum). Górny et al. (2004) classify it as a [WC11]?

thumbnail Fig. 2

Normalized spectra of early-O CSPN (see Table 1) grouped according to their spectral classification. The interstellar absorption bands (λ4428; λ5780, and λ5893) are not indicated. The most important spectral features (absorption or emission) identified are He ii λ4200, Hγ, He ii λ4541, He ii λ4686, Hβ, and He ii λ5412.

thumbnail Fig. 3

Normalized spectra of O-type CSPN. As in Fig. 2, the most important spectral lines are identified, plus He i lines at 4387, 4541, and 5876 Å. In addition, the interstellar line of NaI is indicated. Nebular emission was removed in the spectra of NGC 6026.

Table 3

Spectrophotometric standard stars observed to flux calibrate each of our spectra.

thumbnail Fig. 4

Normalized spectra of O-type CSPN. Absorption lines of He ii are observed in the spectra. The interstellar line of NaI is indicated.

thumbnail Fig. 5

Normalized spectra of B-type CSPN, plus DeHt 1. He ii is not observed, but He i are noticeable, suggesting a B type.

thumbnail Fig. 6

Normalized spectra of [WC] CSPN. The three lines indicated by C+N are N iii λ4634, N iii λ4640, and C iii λ4650.

thumbnail Fig. 7

Normalized spectra of [WC] CSPN.

thumbnail Fig. 8

Normalized spectra of wels CSPN.

thumbnail Fig. 9

Normalized spectra of wels CSPN, with He ii λ4541 in absorption in the spectra of IC 4634 and M 3-6.

thumbnail Fig. 10

Normalized spectra of wels CSPN, but observed with the 600 line mm-1 grating.

thumbnail Fig. 11

Normalized spectra of wels CSPN.

thumbnail Fig. 12

Normalized spectra of “wels?” CSPN. The unique noticeable feature is the emission at 4650 Å. This emission in the spectrum of H 1-35 and CN 1-3 seems to be dominated by C iv 4658 Å.

thumbnail Fig. 13

Normalized spectra of other CSPN.

4. Summary

We are carrying out a spectroscopic survey of PNe from a 2.15-m telescope at CASLEO, Argentina. We performed a quantitative and qualitative determination of the spectral types of 46 of their central stars (plus 6 CSPNe classified as “continuous” in Paper I), most of them previously unclassified. Sixteen of them are OB-type stars, thus substantially increasing their number among CSPN. Also, for a few CSPN we reported some features that could indicate a binary nature, e.g. DeHt 1. Spectroscopic observations at higher spectral resolution are required to obtain more accurate classifications. In particular, the central stars of Ap 1-12 and M 1-27, whose spectra are similar to those of the rare objects K 2-16 and IRAS 21282+5050, which do not have a reliable classification.

With this paper, we complete the description of the sample of CSPN presented in Paper I. We hope that the spectroscopic data presented here will provide a guide for future observations, thus contributing to a better understanding of the final stages of stellar evolution.

1

IRAF: the Image Reduction and Analysis Facility is distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatories, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. (AURA) under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation (NSF).

2

Méndez (1991) included in the type hgO(H) the spectral type DA, DAO, and sdO.

3

See Rauch et al. (1998).

Acknowledgments

We thank the anonymous referee whose very useful remarks helped us to substantially improve this paper. The CCD and data acquisition system at CASLEO has been financed by R. M. Rich through U.S. NSF grant AST-90-15827. This work was partially supported by Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientifícas y Técnicas de la República Argentina (CONICET). This research made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at the CDS, Strasbourg, France.

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All Tables

Table 1

Spectral types from our observations.

In the text
Table 2

Measurements of the strongest stellar emission lines used to classify our sample of [WC] and wels CSPN.

In the text
Table 3

Spectrophotometric standard stars observed to flux calibrate each of our spectra.

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Fig. 1

The intensity ratios of the O iii 4959, 5007 Å and the N ii 6548, 6584 Å lines. The defined region indicates the value expected from the observational data compiled by Acker et al. (1989).

In the text
thumbnail Fig. 2

Normalized spectra of early-O CSPN (see Table 1) grouped according to their spectral classification. The interstellar absorption bands (λ4428; λ5780, and λ5893) are not indicated. The most important spectral features (absorption or emission) identified are He ii λ4200, Hγ, He ii λ4541, He ii λ4686, Hβ, and He ii λ5412.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 3

Normalized spectra of O-type CSPN. As in Fig. 2, the most important spectral lines are identified, plus He i lines at 4387, 4541, and 5876 Å. In addition, the interstellar line of NaI is indicated. Nebular emission was removed in the spectra of NGC 6026.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 4

Normalized spectra of O-type CSPN. Absorption lines of He ii are observed in the spectra. The interstellar line of NaI is indicated.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 5

Normalized spectra of B-type CSPN, plus DeHt 1. He ii is not observed, but He i are noticeable, suggesting a B type.

In the text
thumbnail Fig. 6

Normalized spectra of [WC] CSPN. The three lines indicated by C+N are N iii λ4634, N iii λ4640, and C iii λ4650.

In the text
thumbnail Fig. 7

Normalized spectra of [WC] CSPN.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 8

Normalized spectra of wels CSPN.

In the text
thumbnail Fig. 9

Normalized spectra of wels CSPN, with He ii λ4541 in absorption in the spectra of IC 4634 and M 3-6.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 10

Normalized spectra of wels CSPN, but observed with the 600 line mm-1 grating.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 11

Normalized spectra of wels CSPN.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 12

Normalized spectra of “wels?” CSPN. The unique noticeable feature is the emission at 4650 Å. This emission in the spectrum of H 1-35 and CN 1-3 seems to be dominated by C iv 4658 Å.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 13

Normalized spectra of other CSPN.
In the text

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Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.