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Table 2

Ice composition after 4 h of VUV irradiation and warming at 330 K under our laboratory conditions.

H2 CO/NH3 H2 CO/NH3 H2 O/H2 CO/NH3 H2 O/H2 CO/NH3
3/1 1/3 10/1/3 10/3/1
Species N(Mol cm-2) %a N(Mol cm-2) %a N(Mol cm-2) %a N(Mol cm-2) %a
Initial H2CO 2.67  ×  1017 7.52  ×  1016 9. 5  ×  1016 7.8  ×  1016
After irradiation H2CO 1  ×  1017 1.87  ×  1016 5.4  ×  1016 4.7  ×  1016
4 h at 25 K CO2 8.84  ×  1015 5 4.7  ×  1015 8.4 7.4  ×  1015 18 3.7  ×  1014 12
OCN− 1.7  ×  1014 0.1 1.1  ×  1015 2 1  ×  1015 2.5 1.9  ×  1014 0.6
HNCO 7.95  ×  1013 0.05
HCOO− 1.05  ×  1015 0.6 7.5  ×  1014 1.3 6.4  ×  1015 16 3.2  ×  1014 1
CO 2.92  ×  1016 17 4.14  ×  1015 7.3 6.3  ×  1015 15 3.9  ×  1015 12.4
POM 1.24  ×  1016 7.4
At 220 K NH2CH2OH 2.5  ×  1016 9.4 6.93  ×  1015 12.2 1.03  ×  1015 2.5 1.4  ×  1015 4.5
OCN− 3.85  ×  1014 0.7 2  ×  1014 0.5 3.9  ×  1013 0.12
HCOO− 6.7  ×  1015 2.5 1.9  ×  1014 0.34 1.6  ×  1014 0.4 5  ×  1013 0.16
NH2COOH 5.3  ×  1016 20
NH2COH 2.7  ×  1015 1
POM 6  ×  1016 22 1.8    ×    1015 6
Residue at 330 K POM 9.2  ×  1014 0.4 1.8  ×  1014 0.6
HMT 3.5  ×  1014 0.6 6  ×  1014 1.5

Notes. 

(a)

The yields (in %) after irradiation at 25 K are calculated using the amount of formaldehyde that has been photolysed, while the yields of products (in %) observed during the warming up are calculated using the initial amount of formaldehyde.

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