Issue |
A&A
Volume 518, July-August 2010
Herschel: the first science highlights
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A4 | |
Number of page(s) | 10 | |
Section | Planets and planetary systems | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200913950 | |
Published online | 18 August 2010 |
Ultraviolet and visible photometry of asteroid (21) Lutetia using the Hubble Space Telescope![[*]](/icons/foot_motif.png)
H. A. Weaver1 - P. D. Feldman2 - W. J. Merline3 - M. J. Mutchler4 - M. F. A'Hearn5 - J-. L. Bertaux6 - L. M. Feaga5 - J. W. Parker3 - D. C. Slater7 - A. J. Steffl3 - C. R. Chapman3 - J. D. Drummond8 - S. A. Stern9
1 -
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory,
Space Department,
11100 Johns Hopkins Road,
Laurel, MD 20723-6099, USA
2 -
Johns Hopkins University,
Department of Physics and Astronomy,
3100 N. Charles Street,
Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
3 - Southwest Research Institute,
Department of Space Studies, Suite 300,
1050 Walnut Street,
Boulder, CO 80302-5150, USA
4 - Space Telescope Science Institute,
3900 San Martin Drive,
Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
5 - Department of Astronomy,
University of Maryland,
College Park, MD 20742-2421, USA
6 - Service d'Aéronomie,
Réduit de Verrières - BP3,
Routes des Gatines,
91371 Verrières le Buisson Cedex, France
7 - Southwest Research Institute,
PO Drawer 28510,
San Antonio, TX 78228-0510, USA
8 - Starfire Optical Range,
Air Force Research Laboratory,
Kirtland Air Force Base,
Albuquerque, NM 87117, USA
9 - Southwest Research Institute,
Space Division,
1050 Walnut Street,
Boulder, CO 80302-5150, USA
Received 23 December 2009 / Accepted 27 June 2010
Abstract
Context. The asteroid (21) Lutetia is the target of a planned close encounter by the Rosetta
spacecraft in July 2010. To prepare for that flyby, Lutetia has been
extensively observed by a variety of astronomical facilities.
Aims. We used the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to determine the albedo of Lutetia over a wide wavelength range, extending from 1500 Å to
7000 Å.
Methods. Using data from a variety of HST filters and a
ground-based visible light spectrum, we employed synthetic photometry
techniques to derive absolute fluxes for Lutetia. New results from
ground-based measurements of Lutetia's size and shape were used to
convert the absolute fluxes into albedos.
Results. We present our best model for the spectral energy
distribution of Lutetia over the wavelength range 1200-8000 Å.
There appears to be a steep drop in the albedo (by a factor of 2) for wavelengths shorter than
3000 Å. Nevertheless, the far ultraviolet albedo of Lutetia (
10%) is considerably larger than that of typical C-chondrite material (
4%). The geometric albedo at 5500 Å is
%.
Conclusions. Lutetia's reflectivity is not consistent with a
metal-dominated surface at infrared or radar wavelengths, and its
albedo at all wavelengths (UV-visibile-IR-radar) is larger than
observed for typical primitive, chondritic material. We derive a
relatively high FUV albedo of 10%, a result that will be tested by observations with the Alice spectrograph during the Rosetta flyby of Lutetia in July 2010.
Key words: minor planets, asteroids: general - minor planets, asteroids: individual: (21) Lutetia
1 Introduction
The Rosetta spacecraft was launched on
2 March 2004 and is heading toward an historic encounter with
comet 67P/Cheryumov-Gerasimenko (67P/C-G) in 2014. Along the way, Rosetta
has flyby encounters with two asteroids: the spacecraft passed at a
distance
of 803 km from (2867) Steins on 5 September 2008,
and an encounter with (21) Lutetia is currently being planned for
a flyby distance of 3000 km on 10 July 2010.
Barucci et al. (2007) provide an excellent summary of the pre-2006 data accumulated
for both of these asteroids.
The first results from the Rosetta flyby of Steins have recently been published
in Science (Keller et al. 2010) and in a special volume of
Planetary and Space Science (2010).
Table 1: Log of HST observations of Lutetia.
To assist with the planning of the Lutetia flyby, we made observations of this asteroid with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in late-November and early-December 2008, near the time of opposition when both the solar phase angle and the geocentric distance were minimized. The objectives of the program were:
- 1.
- to measure the far ultraviolet (
Å) albedo of Lutetia to enable better planning of the flyby observations by the Alice ultraviolet (UV) spectral imager (Stern et al. 2007);
- 2.
- to measure the near UV
(
Å) and visible (
Å) albedo, thereby providing the spectral energy distribution across a wide wavelength range and possibly yielding improved insights into the nature of the surface composition and taxonomic class of Lutetia;
- 3.
- to search for dust debris and companions near Lutetia that might pose a hazard to the Rosetta spacecraft, using deep, visible-band observations;
- 4.
- to use spatially resolved HST images of Lutetia to constrain its size and shape.
2 Observations, data reduction, and results
![]() |
Figure 1:
HST/WFPC2 images of asteroid 21 Lutetia taken through the F218W,
F255W, F300W, and F450W filters (see identifying labels on the images).
Each image is a 128 |
Open with DEXTER |
![]() |
Figure 2:
HST/WFPC2 images of Lutetia taken through the F606W filter with an exposure
time of 0.11 s and rotated so that celestial north points up and east is to the left.
Each image is a 64 |
Open with DEXTER |
![]() |
Figure 3:
HST/ACS images of asteroid 21 Lutetia taken through the F140LP
and F165LP filters (see identifying labels).
Each image is displayed using an asinh
intensity stretch (similar to logarithmic) ranging approximately from zero to the
maximum intensity in each image.
All images have been rotated so that celestial north points up and east is to the left.
The scale bar is 0
|
Open with DEXTER |
We were granted Director's Discretionary Time (program ID 11957) on HST to perform filter
photometry of Lutetia in support of the Rosetta flyby
in July 2010.
We were initially allocated 5 orbits (synonymous with ``visits'' in this case) of observing
time, which were executed successfully on 30 November 2008, when Lutetia's heliocentric
distance (r) was 2.42 AU, the geocentric distance ()
was 1.44 AU, and
the solar phase angle (
)
was 0
47-0
48.
When a preliminary analysis of those data suggested the presence of a previously
unknown companion to Lutetia (subsequently determined to be an optical ghost),
we were allocated 2 more orbits of HST time, one of which executed successfully
on 15 December 2008 (r = 2.45 AU,
AU,
)
and the other executed successfully one day later
(r = 2.45 AU,
AU,
).
Table 1 provides a log of all the HST observations, detailing the
rootnames for the data files, the time span of each visit, the instrument
used, the filters employed, the image exposure times, and the objectives
of each visit.
For our program, we employed two different instruments: the Planetary Camera (PC) mode
of the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) was used for the filter photometry
covering the near-ultraviolet (NUV) and visible wavelength ranges, while the
Solar Blind Channel (SBC) of the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) was
used to measure the far-ultraviolet (FUV) flux.
The WFPC2/PC has square pixels 0
046 on a side, and the
ACS/SBC has (after drizzling to remove geometrical distortion)
square pixels 0
025 on a side.
In both cases, we used the standard calibrated images from the processing pipeline
operated by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI).
Because multiple images were obtained for the WFPC2 observations, at two different positions
on the detector (to mitigate the effects of cosmic rays and bad CCD pixels),
we generally combined them to produce a single, composite image that was used for
photometric analysis.
Figure 1 shows example composite images for the
F218W, F255W, F300W, and F450W filters.
The ratio of the signals from the F450W and F606W images taken on
Dec. 15 was used to normalize the F450W photometry to the same absolute
scale as the photometry taken on Nov. 30.
Figure 2 shows all the individual images (not composites) for the
short (0.11 s) exposures taken with the F606W filter.
The electronic gain for the 0.11 s images taken through F606W filter was
half the value used for the other WFPC2 images
because Lutetia is bright (
), and we needed
the extra dynamic range provided by the lower gain setting
(0.11 s is the shortest available exposure time for the WFPC2).
The ACS/SBC employs a photon-counting detector that is essentially insensitive to cosmic
ray contamination, so we simply took a single, long exposure at a single location on
the detector for our FUV imaging.
The four images (2 for F140LP and 2 for F165LP) are displayed in
Fig. 3.
Unfortunately, a star passing near Lutetia contaminated the F165LP image taken
during visit 05, rendering the photometry unusable for that observation.
Although the FUV photometry was obtained 75 min after the photometry
taken through the other filters, we did not attempt to correct the FUV photometry for
any light curve variation because that effect was determined to be
4%
(using the shape model from Drummond et al. 2010), whereas
the statistical error in the F140LP-F165LP photometry is
17% (see below).
We used standard circular aperture photometry to determine the total signal in
each HST filter.
We then compared the observed signal to the predicted signal using a model Lutetia albedo spectrum and measured HST throughput curves (a technique called
synthetic photometry).
We iteratively adjusted the albedo model until the measured count rates
from the HST filter photometry matched the predicted values
from synthetic photometry to within the measurement uncertainties.
In addition to the Hubble photometry, we used a ground-based spectrum taken on
28 November 2008 (Perna et al. 2010),
just two days prior to the first HST observations, to constrain the
slope of Lutetia's albedo at visible wavelengths.
All albedos discussed here refer to the geometric albedo, which
is the albedo at a solar phase angle of 0.
We adopted a phase correction factor of 0.91 when converting fluxes
from a phase angle of 0
to the observed phase angle
of 0
48 on 2008 November 30, which is consistent with the
phase law deduced from visible observations (Belskaya et al. 2010).
In coordination with our HST effort, we acquired high-angular resolution
adaptive-optics imaging at the Keck Telescope
near the times of the 2008 opposition.
We combined these data with data previously acquired at the
Very Large Telescope (VLT) near the prior opposition, in June 2007,
to provide improved estimates of the size, shape, and spin axis of Lutetia,
and also to search for satellites
(Carry et al. 2010; Drummond et al. 2010; Merline, in prep.).
We adopt here the hybrid shape model
derived by combining the results from the direct size measurements
and the inversion of various light curve data (Carry et al. 2010; Drummond et al. 2010).
This model is then used to predict Lutetia's projected area at the
time of the HST observations.
The predicted projected area varies between 9615 km2 and 10 081 km2over the course of the HST observations, and this variation of 4.8% is within the expected uncertainty in the prediction itself (
6%).
We have adopted a projected area of 10 000 km2, corresponding to an
effective diameter for Lutetia of 113 km,
to set the absolute scale for the albedo.
(Note that the mean 3-dimensional diameter of Lutetia is 105 km,
as determined by Drummond et al. 2010. But when viewed from high latitudes,
or close to pole-on, the effective diameter of the projected disk is larger,
due to viewing primarily the a,b dimensions.
An independent size estimate can be derived from the HST images because Lutetia is slightly resolved, but detailed modeling is required to derive accurate size and shape
estimates, and we are deferring this work to a future paper.)
We estimate that the uncertainty in the albedo derived below is
6%.
Table 2: HST photometry of Lutetia.
We used the solar spectrum from Colina et al. (1996) to convert from albedo to absolute fluxes. Table 2 summarizes the numerical results after the final iteration, and Fig. 4 displays our best estimate for Lutetia's absolute flux at the time of the first HST observations on 30.726 November 2008.![]() |
Figure 4: Our best estimate for the Lutetia spectrum at the time of the HST observations on 30 November 2008. |
Open with DEXTER |
Applying synthetic photometry to the HST data is essential for obtaining
accurate results because Lutetia's flux varies dramatically across the
passbands of all the filters used, except F450W and F606W.
Figure 5 shows the predicted count rates as a function of
wavelength for each of the filters employed during the HST observations,
as well as the response for the difference F140LP-F165LP.
Determination of the FUV flux is especially problematic owing to
``red leak'' issues (i.e., when much, or even most, of the observed signal is
produced by photons whose wavelengths are much longer than the wavelength of the
peak in the filter transmittance),
which Fig. 5 graphically illustrates.
For the F140LP filter, only 10% of the observed signal is produced by photons having wavelengths shortward of 1895 Å.
For F165LP, only
10% of the observed signal is produced by photons having wavelengths shortward of 1975 Å.
The 50% point (i.e., half the observed signal is produced
by photons either shortward or longward of that wavelength) occurs
at 3340 Å for F140LP and 3390 Å for F160LP.
We mitigate the red leak problem by forming the difference signal (F140LP-F165LP),
which significantly improves the situation, as indicated in Fig. 6.
In that case,
40% of the difference signal is produced by photons having
wavelengths shortward of 1675 Å, and the 50% point occurs at 2400 Å.
Nevertheless, the red leak remains a major issue affecting the accuracy
of our FUV results.
In order to match the measured signals for the F140LP and the F165LP filters, and additionally match their difference signal (F140LP-F165LP), we had to increase the system throughput (QT) for each of those filters by a factor of 2.5 for wavelengths longward of 2000 Å, relative to the curves currently adopted by the STScI (i.e., the red leak is even worse than originally thought). After consultation with the relevant experts at the STScI, we concluded that the large uncertainty in the long wavelength response of the FUV filters justifies our empirical approach. While our choice for the filter throughputs is certainly not unique, and may be incorrect in detail, we are confident in our assessment that a red leak adjustment for the F140LP and F165LP filters, of approximately the magnitude adopted here, is required to produce consistent results.
![]() |
Figure 5: After adopting our best estimate for Lutetia's flux, we plot the predicted count rates as a function of wavelength for each of the filters employed during the HST observations. `` F140LP- F165LP'' refers to the difference between the F140LP and F165LP filters. For clarity, the F140LP curve is not explicitly labeled, but it is essentially identical to the F165LP curve longward of 1650 Å and essentially identical to the F140LP- F165LP curve shortward of that wavelength. Note the logarithmic scale. |
Open with DEXTER |
![]() |
Figure 6: The cumulative fractional contribution to the observed count rate as a function of wavelength for the difference ( F140LP- F165LP) of the two far-UV filters employed during the HST observations. Approximately 40% of the observed signal is produced by photons having wavelengths smaller than 1675 Å, but 50% of the signal is coming from light longward of 2400 Å. |
Open with DEXTER |
![]() |
Figure 7:
Albedo spectrum of Lutetia derived from IUE observations made on
7 January 1982 at a solar phase angle of 26
|
Open with DEXTER |
![]() |
Figure 8:
Our best estimate for the albedo of Lutetia is plotted as a solid black line.
The spectrum plotted in red is from a ground-based observation taken on
28 November 2008.
The blue rectangle shows the wavelength coverage and the range of possible albedos
derived from an IUE spectrum taken on 7 January 1982.
The HST data ( |
Open with DEXTER |
Additional information on Lutetia's UV albedo is available from IUE observations
performed in 1982, originally analyzed by Roettger & Buratti (1994).
We obtained these data from the STScI archive, and reanalyzed them using
new information on the phase behavior (Belskaya et al. 2010) and size of Lutetia
(Drummond et al. 2010).
The IUE spectrum (Fig. 7) is noisy and was taken at a solar phase
angle of 26
1, making the correction to geometric albedo rather uncertain.
Adopting a phase correction factor of 3.1, which is the value observed for Lutetia
at visible wavelengths, we obtain an average albedo of
0.14 near 2670 Å.
The latter is double the value adopted by Roettger & Buratti (1994) (0.074, after correction
to the new effective diameter), apparently
owing to their use of a different phase law.
The phase law typically depends on both the absolute albedo and the wavelength.
Thus, it is not surprising that our phase correction factor is significantly different than
the one adopted by Roettger & Buratti (1994), especially since there is scant data
available on the phase behavior of Lutetia at UV wavelengths.
In order to match the HST photometry from the F255W filter, we adopted
an albedo of
0.10 near 2670 Å, which is approximately halfway between
the two different IUE results.
Of greater concern is the slope of Lutetia's albedo between 2400 Å and
3300 Å.
The HST data suggest there is a sharp drop in Lutetia's albedo in the wavelength
range 3000-3300 Å, while the IUE data indicate that the albedo is essentially
constant over the wavelength range
2400-3300 Å.
Although the IUE observations were performed nearly 27 years before the
HST observations, we would not expect the UV albedo of Lutetia to change either
in its slope or its absolute value over that time.
The aspect angles of the HST and IUE observations were significantly
different (Lutetia's sub-Earth latitude was -73
during the HST observations
and -51
during the IUE observations), and perhaps albedo variation
over Lutetia's albedo could explain the differences in the HST and IUE results.
However, the long exposure time for the IUE spectrum (3.2 h) covered nearly
75% of Lutetia's lightcurve period, suggesting that surface variegation may not
play a significant role.
In summary, there appears to be a discrepancy between the
IUE and HST results for the slope of Lutetia's UV albedo near
3100 Å.
Nevertheless, both the IUE and HST data indicate that the NUV albedo
is significantly smaller than the visible albedo.
The HST data further suggest that the FUV albedo is approximately
60% of the visible albedo.
3 Discussion
Lutetia was extensively observed in the 1970s, yielding visible and near-IR reflectance spectra (McCord & Chapman 1975), radiometric albedos and diameter estimates (Morrison 1977), and polarimetric albedos and diameter estimates (Zellner & Gradie 1976), which have been confirmed by similar observations reported during the last decade (see Belskaya et al. 2010). Based on these data, Chapman et al. (1975) assigned Psyche, Lutetia, and Kalliope to a new, distinct taxonomic group, to which Zellner & Gradie (1976) assigned the letter ``M''.
The M-type was defined in terms of spectral and albedo properties
by Bowell et al. (1978).
Although the visual albedos for M-class objects covered a
broad range (7-23%), they were larger
than the albedos for typical carbonaceous chondrites (CC)
and overlapped the range reported for S-types.
Recent radiometry of Lutetia, reduced using two different
thermal models, confirmed that Lutetia's visual albedo
is higher than for typical CC meteorites (Mueller et al. 2006).
However, some types of CCs (CO/CV) have visual albedos
approaching
16% (Clark et al. 2009), essentially
identical to the value derived here for Lutetia from
the HST observations.
Rivkin et al. (1995) recognized that there were two sub-classes
of M-type asteroids.
The standard M types had high radar albedos and relatively
neutral visible colors, properties that could be attributed to
metal-dominated surfaces.
But some of the M type asteroids, including Lutetia, had an absorption band
near 3 m band, which was attributed to
hydrated minerals.
Rivkin et al. (2000) call this new ``wet'' class M(W) and assigned
Lutetia to it.
Radar observations of Lutetia
(Magri et al. 1999,2007), confirmed by Shepard et al. (2008),
showed that Lutetia has a moderate radar albedo: nominally 20%,
but possibly as low as 10% or as high as 31% after accounting
for the error bars. Lutetia's radar albedo is lower than for the largely metallic
asteroids but is somewhat higher than for typical CCs
(
for the average C-class object, according to Shepard et al. 2008).
Numerous researchers in the last few years (Perna et al. 2010; Lazzarin et al. 2009; Barucci et al. 2005,2008; see summary by Belskaya et al. 2010)
have argued that Lutetia shows certain spectral
characteristics (e.g., in the thermal IR) that resemble several
CO and CV meteorites, but not an iron meteorite.
However, mineralogical interpretations of thermal IR spectra must
be made cautiously because particle size, in addition to composition,
can strongly affect the observed spectral features (Vernazza et al. 2010).
We further note that: (a) the lack of a drop-off
in Lutetia's spectral reflectance below 0.55 m and its relatively
high albedo make it inconsistent with CV meteorites
(see Gaffey 1976, for instance); and
(b) CO meteorites display a 1
m
olivine band that is absent in Lutetia's reflectance
spectrum (see Fig. 3 of Barucci et al. 2005).
It was first suggested by Chapman & Salisbury (1973) that what we now term an M-type spectrum might be associated with enstatite chondrites (ECs). More recently, Rivkin et al. (2000) have suggested that a hydrated EC is a plausible composition for Lutetia, consistent with the recent analysis of Vernazza et al. (2009). From rotationally resolved visible and near-IR spectra of Lutetia, Nedelcu et al. (2007) claimed a better match with CC in one hemisphere and with EC in the other, but this hemispherical spectral asymmetry has not yet been confirmed by other researchers.
Recent dynamical work (Fienga et al. 2009; Baer et al. 2008) has provided
an estimate for Lutetia's mass,
which combined with the new size estimates (Carry et al. 2010; Drummond et al. 2010)
yield a bulk density of 4 g cm-3
(the formal uncertainty ranges from 2.4-5.1 g cm-3;
see Drummond et al. 2010).
This density is too small for an object having a dominantly metal component
and seems more compatible with an EC-like composition (Drummond et al. 2010).
As discussed by Roettger & Buratti (1994), the slope of Lutetia's NUV albedo is similar
to that of the M- and S-type asteroids observed by IUE. The albedo of the C-type asteroids
observed by IUE increases (by 10%) between 2400 Å and 3000 Å, whereas
there is little to no variation in Lutetia's albedo over this wavelength range.
Both the IUE and HST data demonstrate that the absolute value
of Lutetia's NUV albedo is larger than typically observed for the C-type asteroids.
According to the HST data, Lutetia has a rather high FUV albedo of 10%
over the entire wavelength range from
1500 Å to
3000 Å.
This can be compared to an FUV albedo of
4% for the Earth's Moon
(Henry et al. 1995) and the E-type asteroid 2867 Steins (A'Hearn et al. 2010),
the only asteroid observed at FUV wavelengths. Furthermore, neither the Moon
nor Steins show an abrupt drop in albedo near 3200 Å.
We compared Lutetia's albedo to laboratory reflectivity measurements
of a wide variety of materials, including meteorite and lunar samples (Wagner et al. 1987),
and none of them appear to be good analogs for Lutetia's surface.
The feldspar powders have a sharp albedo drop near 3000 Å and
have NUV-FUV albedos similar to that of Lutetia, but the ratios between their visible
and UV albedos are several times larger than we find for Lutetia.
SO
frost also has a sharp drop in albedo near 3000 Å and
an FUV albedo in the range of 10-15%, both of which are consistent with
Lutetia's UV spectrum. However, the visible-to-UV albedo ratio of SO
frost
is several times larger than Lutetia's, and exposed frost isn't expected
to be present on Lutetia's surface.
The albedos of chondritic meteorite samples are significantly smaller than
Lutetia's albedo at all wavelengths, in addition to not matching Lutetia's
spectral variations.
Similarly, lunar samples tend to have lower UV albedos than Lutetia.
Spectra of various mineral powders (e.g., iron, clays, sulfur) also show
striking differences when compared to Lutetia's spectrum.
Perhaps some mixture of samples could be found to approximate
Lutetia's spectrum, but such an effort is beyond the scope of this paper.
We note, however, that many of the materials measured by
Wagner et al. (1987) have spectral features shortward of 2000 Å,
which are potentially observable by
the Alice instrument during the Rosetta flyby.
4 Conclusion
Using the Hubble Space Telescope, we measured the albedo of
asteroid (21) Lutetia over a wide wavelength range, extending from
the far ultraviolet (1500 Å) to the visible (
7000 Å).
The HST results reported here suggest a sharp drop in Lutetia's albedo near
3100 Å, and an essentially constant FUV albedo of
10% between
1400-3000 Å.
The absolute value and spectral variation of Lutetia's UV-visible albedo is not well-matched
by the spectra of any meteorites measured in the laboratory.
Lutetia may well be composed of material that is
either rare or not yet represented in our meteorite collections.
Lutetia's FUV albedo is considerably higher than the values measured
for C-chondrites and the Earth's Moon (4%), which implies that
Lutetia should be a relatively easy target for the Alice instrument when
it makes observations during the Rosetta close flyby in July 2010.
We thank the STScI Director, Matt Mountain, for granting us discretionary observing time for the HST Lutetia observations. We thank the STScI ground system personnel, and especially Alison Vick, for successfully planning and executing the observations. We gratefully acknowledge Jennifer Mack and John Biretta for discussions on ``red leaks'' and for providing the best available ACS/SBC and WFPC2 system throughputs. We thank the other members of the Merline-Drummond ground-based observing team, particularly Al Conrad and Benoît Carry, for providing results on the size and shape of Lutetia prior to publication. The comments of an anonymous reviewer were helpful and have led to several improvements in the paper.
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Footnotes
- ... Telescope
- Support for this work was provided by NASA through a grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute (program #11957), which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Incorporated, under NASA contract NAS5-26555.
All Tables
Table 1: Log of HST observations of Lutetia.
Table 2: HST photometry of Lutetia.
All Figures
![]() |
Figure 1:
HST/WFPC2 images of asteroid 21 Lutetia taken through the F218W,
F255W, F300W, and F450W filters (see identifying labels on the images).
Each image is a 128 |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 2:
HST/WFPC2 images of Lutetia taken through the F606W filter with an exposure
time of 0.11 s and rotated so that celestial north points up and east is to the left.
Each image is a 64 |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 3:
HST/ACS images of asteroid 21 Lutetia taken through the F140LP
and F165LP filters (see identifying labels).
Each image is displayed using an asinh
intensity stretch (similar to logarithmic) ranging approximately from zero to the
maximum intensity in each image.
All images have been rotated so that celestial north points up and east is to the left.
The scale bar is 0
|
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 4: Our best estimate for the Lutetia spectrum at the time of the HST observations on 30 November 2008. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 5: After adopting our best estimate for Lutetia's flux, we plot the predicted count rates as a function of wavelength for each of the filters employed during the HST observations. `` F140LP- F165LP'' refers to the difference between the F140LP and F165LP filters. For clarity, the F140LP curve is not explicitly labeled, but it is essentially identical to the F165LP curve longward of 1650 Å and essentially identical to the F140LP- F165LP curve shortward of that wavelength. Note the logarithmic scale. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 6: The cumulative fractional contribution to the observed count rate as a function of wavelength for the difference ( F140LP- F165LP) of the two far-UV filters employed during the HST observations. Approximately 40% of the observed signal is produced by photons having wavelengths smaller than 1675 Å, but 50% of the signal is coming from light longward of 2400 Å. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 7:
Albedo spectrum of Lutetia derived from IUE observations made on
7 January 1982 at a solar phase angle of 26
|
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 8:
Our best estimate for the albedo of Lutetia is plotted as a solid black line.
The spectrum plotted in red is from a ground-based observation taken on
28 November 2008.
The blue rectangle shows the wavelength coverage and the range of possible albedos
derived from an IUE spectrum taken on 7 January 1982.
The HST data ( |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
Copyright ESO 2010
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