Issue |
A&A
Volume 515, June 2010
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A76 | |
Number of page(s) | 5 | |
Section | Extragalactic astronomy | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200913607 | |
Published online | 11 June 2010 |
Simultaneous multi-frequency observation of the unknown redshift blazar PG 1553+113 in March-April 2008
J. Aleksic1
- H. Anderhub2 -
L. A. Antonelli3 -
P. Antoranz4 - M. Backes5
- C. Baixeras6 - S. Balestra4
- J. A. Barrio4 -
D. Bastieri7 - J. Becerra
González8 - J. K. Becker5
- W. Bednarek9 - A. Berdyugin10
- K. Berger9 - E. Bernardini11
- A. Biland2 -
R. K. Bock12,7 -
G. Bonnoli13 - P. Bordas14
- D. Borla Tridon12 -
V. Bosch-Ramon14 - D. Bose4
- I. Braun2 - T. Bretz15
- D. Britzger12 - M. Camara4
- E. Carmona12 - A. Carosi3
- P. Colin12 - S. Commichau2
- J. L. Contreras4 -
J. Cortina1 -
M. T. Costado8,16 -
S. Covino3 - F. Dazzi17,26
- A. De Angelis17 - E. de Cea
del Pozo18 - R. De los Reyes4,28
- B. De Lotto17 - M. De Maria17
- F. De Sabata17 - C. Delgado
Mendez8,27 - A. Domínguez19
- D. Dominis Prester20 -
D. Dorner2 - M. Doro7
- D. Elsaesser15 - M. Errando1
- D. Ferenc21 - E. Fernández1
- R. Firpo1 -
M. V. Fonseca4 -
L. Font6 - N. Galante12
- R. J. García López8,16 -
M. Garczarczyk1 - M. Gaug8
- N. Godinovic20 - F. Goebel12,29
- D. Hadasch18 - A. Herrero8,16
- D. Hildebrand2 -
D. Höhne-Mönch15 - J. Hose12
- D. Hrupec20 -
C. C. Hsu12 -
T. Jogler12 - S. Klepser1
- T. Krähenbühl2 - D. Kranich2
- A. La Barbera3 - A. Laille21
- E. Leonardo13 - E. Lindfors10
- S. Lombardi7 - F. Longo17
- M. López7 - E. Lorenz2,12
- P. Majumdar11 - G. Maneva22
- N. Mankuzhiyil17 -
K. Mannheim15 - L. Maraschi3
- M. Mariotti7 - M. Martínez1
- D. Mazin1 - M. Meucci13
- J. M. Miranda4 -
R. Mirzoyan12 - H. Miyamoto12
- J. Moldón14 - M. Moles19
- A. Moralejo1 - D. Nieto4
- K. Nilsson10 - J. Ninkovic12
- R. Orito12 - I. Oya4
- R. Paoletti13 -
J. M. Paredes14 -
M. Pasanen10 - D. Pascoli7
- F. Pauss2 -
R. G. Pegna13 -
M. A. Perez-Torres19 -
M. Persic17,23 - L. Peruzzo7
- F. Prada19 - E. Prandini7
- N. Puchades1 - I. Puljak20
- I. Reichardt1 - W. Rhode5
- M. Ribó14 - J. Rico24,1
- M. Rissi2 - S. Rügamer15
- A. Saggion7 -
T. Y. Saito12 -
M. Salvati3 - M. Sánchez-Conde19
- K. Satalecka11 - V. Scalzotto7
- V. Scapin17 - T. Schweizer12
- M. Shayduk12 -
S. N. Shore25 -
A. Sierpowska-Bartosik9 -
A. Sillanpää10 - J. Sitarek12,9
- D. Sobczynska9 - F. Spanier15
- S. Spiro3 - A. Stamerra13
- B. Steinke12 - N. Strah5
- J. C. Struebig15 -
T. Suric20 - L. Takalo10
- F. Tavecchio3 - P. Temnikov22
- D. Tescaro1 - M. Teshima12
- D. F. Torres24,18 -
N. Turini13 - H. Vankov22
- R. M. Wagner12 -
V. Zabalza14 - F. Zandanel19
- R. Zanin1 - J. Zapatero6
(The MAGIC Collaboration)
E. Pian33,39 - V. Bianchin30
- F. D'Ammando31 - G. Di Cocco30
- D. Fugazza32 - G. Ghisellini32
- O. M. Kurtanidze38 -
C. M. Raiteri34 -
G. Tosti35 - A. Treves36
- S. Vercellone37 - M. Villata34
1 - IFAE, Edifici Cn., Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
2 - ETH Zurich, 8093 Switzerland
3 - INAF National Institute for Astrophysics, 00136 Rome, Italy
4 - Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
5 - Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
6 - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
7 - Università di Padova and INFN, 35131 Padova, Italy
8 - Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
9 - University of ódz,
90236 Lodz, Poland
10 - Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, 21500 Piikkiö, Finland
11 - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
12 - Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, 80805 München, Germany
13 - Università di Siena, and INFN Pisa, 53100 Siena, Italy
14 - Universitat de Barcelona (ICC/IEEC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
15 - Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
16 - Depto. de Astrofisica, Universidad, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife,
Spain
17 - Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, 33100 Udine, Italy
18 - Institut de Ciències de l'Espai (IEEC-CSIC), 08193 Bellaterra,
Spain
19 - Inst. de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), 18080 Granada, Spain
20 - Croatian MAGIC Consortium, Institute R. Boskovic, University of
Rijeka and University of Split, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
21 - University of California, Davis, CA-95616-8677, USA
22 - Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
23 - INAF/Osservatorio Astronomico and INFN, 34143 Trieste, Italy
24 - ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
25 - Università di Pisa, and INFN Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
26 - Supported by INFN Padova
27 - Now at: Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y
Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
28 - Now at: Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69029 Heidelberg,
Germany
29 - Deceased
30 - INAF/IASF-Bologna, 40129 Bologna, Italy
31 - INAF/IASF-Roma, 00133 Roma, Italy
32 - INAF, Astronomical Obs. Brera, 23807 Merate, Italy
33 - INAF, Trieste Astronomical Observatory, 34143 Trieste, Italy
34 - INAF, Astronomical Obs. Torino, 10025 Torino, Italy
35 - University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
36 - University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy
37 - INAF, IASF-Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
38 - Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory, 383762 Abastumani, Georgia
39 - Now at: Scuola Normale Superiore, 56126 Pisa, Italy
Received 4 November 2009 / Accepted 3 March 2010
Abstract
The blazar PG 1553+113 is a well known TeV -ray
emitter. In this paper we determine its spectral energy distribution
through simultaneous multi-frequency data to study its emission
processes. An extensive campaign was carried out between March and
April 2008, where optical, X-ray, high-energy (HE)
-ray, and
very-high-energy (VHE)
-ray
data were obtained with the KVA, Abastumani, REM, RossiXTE/ASM,
AGILE and MAGIC telescopes, respectively. We combine the data to derive
the source's spectral energy distribution and interpret its
double-peaked shape within the framework of a synchrotron self-Compton
model.
Key words: BL Lacertae objects: individual: PG 1553+113 - X-rays: galaxies - gamma rays: galaxies - galaxies: active
1 Introduction
The transformation of gravitational energy in an accretion disk around a supermassive black hole into radiation is the widely believed underlying cause of emission in active galactic nuclei (AGN). Furthermore, the emission is beamed from the jet perpendicular to the disk by a mechanism that although not fully understood yet, most likely relates to the focusing properties of the rotating, fully ionized accretion disk (e.g. Blandford & Znajek 1977). The viewing angle of the observer determines the observed phenomenology of AGN (Urry & Padovani 1995). The AGN whose relativistic plasma jets point towards the observer are called blazars. The blazar class includes flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) and BL Lac objects, the main difference between the two classes is in their emission lines, which are strong and quasar-like for FSRQs and weak or absent in BL Lacs.
The overall (radio-to--ray) spectral energy
distribution (SED) of blazars shows two broad non-thermal continuum
peaks. For high-peaked BL Lac objects (HBLs), the first peak of the SED
is in the UV/X-ray bands (as opposed to IR/optical for low peaked BL
Lac objects, LBLs), whereas the second peak is in the multi-GeV band
(multi MeV for LBLs). The low-energy peak is thought to arise from
electron synchrotron emission. The leptonic model sugests that the
second peak forms due to inverse Compton emission. This can be due to
scattering of the synchrotron photons by the non-thermal population of
electrons responsible for the synchrotron radiation (synchrotron
self-Compton, SSC; e.g., Maraschi 1992) or of
photons that originate outside the relativistic plasma blob (external
Compton, EC; an external source of these ``seed'' photons could be the
accretion disk; e.g., Dermer 1993,
and/or the broadline region, e.g., Sikora et al. 1994). Blazars
often show violent flux variability, which may or may not be correlated
between the different energy bands. Strictly simultaneous observations
are crucial to investigate these correlations and understand the
underlying physics of blazars.
The HBL source PG 1553+113 was firmly detected at
very high-energy -rays
(VHE; photon energy E>100 GeV) by
the MAGIC telescope at a significance level of 8.8
above 200 GeV, based on data from April - May 2005 and January - April
2006 (Albert et al. 2007).
Observations with the HESS telescope array in 2005 yielded a tentative
detection in the VHE band, at the level of 4
(5.3
using a low energy threshold analysis; Aharonian et al. 2006), which
was confirmed later with the combination of the 2005 and 2006 datasets
(Aharonian et al. 2008).
After the first detection of PG 1553+113 with MAGIC, a
multi-frequency campaign on this source was conducted in July 2006
(Albert et al. 2009). The main difference between our present and the
previous campaign is the use of X-ray and the high-energy (HE; photon
energy E>100 MeV) flux.
The lack of detection of spectral lines (neither in emission
nor in absorption) in the optical spectrum of PG 1553+113
makes it impossible to directly measure its redshift (Falomo &
Treves 1990).
However, an ESO-VLT spectroscopic survey of unknown-redshift
BL Lac objects suggests z>0.09
(Sbarufatti et al. 2006),
while the absence of host galaxy detection in HST images raises this
lower limit to z>0.25 (Treves et al. 2007). On the
other hand, the absence of a break in the VHE spectrum can be
interpreted as suggesting z<0.42 (Mazin
& Goebel 2007).
The absence of a Ly-
forest (Falomo and Treves) in the the spectrum also constrains a lower
redshift. The data obtained in the far-UV by the Cosmic Origins
Spectrograph installed in the Hubble Space Telescope is of sufficient
quality to select
40 Ly-
absorbers at low redshift including a strong line at z=0.395,
which constrains the resdshift of the source to be z>0.395
(Danforth, private comm.).
2 Optical and near infrared (NIR) data
2.1 Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien observations
The Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien (KVA, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) telescope is located at the Roque de los Muchachos, in the North-Atlantic canary islands of La Palma and is operated by the Tuorla Observatory. The telescope is composed of a 0.6 m f/15 Cassegrain devoted to polarimetry, and a 0.35 m f/11 SCT auxiliary telescope for multicolor photometry. This telescope has been successfully operated remotely since the fall 2003. The KVA is used for optical (R-band) support observations during MAGIC observations. Typically, one measurement per night and per source is conducted. Photometric measurements are made in differential mode, i.e. by obtaining CCD images of the target and calibrated comparison stars in the same field of view (Fiorucci & Tosti 1996; Fiorucci et al. 1998; Villata et al. 1998).2.2 Abastumani observations
Observations at the Abastumani Observatory (Georgia, FSU) were
performed with the 70 cm meniscus telescope (f/3).
This is equipped with an Apogee Ap6E CCD camera, with pixels,
and a field of view of
arcmin.
Its quantum efficiency is 40% at 4000 Å and 65% at 6750 Å.
The frames were acquired in the Cousins' R band and
were reduced with the
DAOPHOT II package
.
The source magnitude was derived from differential photometry
with respect to a reference star in the same field, which lies 46 arcsec
east and
5 arcsec
south of PG 1553+113. According to the USNO 2.0 Catalogue (Monet et al.
1998), its
magnitude is R=13.2.
2.3 Rapid Eye Mount observations
The Rapid Eye Mount (REM, a fast-slewing robotized infrared telescope: Covino et al. 2001) acquired photometry of PG 1553+113 on 2008 April 18, 25 and May 2 with all available filters (VRIJHK). The data reduction followed standard procedures (see e.g. Dolcini et al. 2005). The mean flux of the observation is reported in Table 3. The NIR magnitudes were calibrated against the 2MASS catalog. For the SED reconstruction, all magnitudes were dereddened with the dust IR maps (Schlegel et al. 1998).3 X-rays: Rossi X-ray timing explorer / All Sky Monitor observations
The All Sky Monitor (ASM) on board the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) satellite consists of three wide angle scanning shadow cameras. The cameras, mounted on a rotating drive assembly, can cover almost 70% of the sky every 1.5 h (Levine et al. 1996). The measurements were done between 2008 March 1 and May 31. The mean measured flux of PG 1553+113 is shown in Table 3.
4
-ray data
4.1 HE band: AGILE observations
The Gamma-ray Imaging Detector (GRID, 30 MeV-30 GeV) on board the high-energy astrophysics satellite AGILE (Astro-rivelatore Gamma a Immagini LEggero; Tavani et al. 2009) observed PG 1553+113 in three different time intervals: 2008 March 16-21, March 25-30 and April 10-30. The GRID data were analyzed using the AGILE standard pipeline (see Vercellone et al. 2008 for a detailed description of the AGILE data reduction), with a bin size of




4.2 Very high energy band: MAGIC observations
The MAGIC Telescope (Baixeras et al. 2004; Cortina et al. 2005) is the most recent generation Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope (IACT) at La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain (28.3



The MAGIC observations for this campaign were carried out on 2008 March 16-18 and April 13, 28-30. The zenith angle of the data set ranges from 18 degrees to 36 degrees. Observations were performed in wobble mode (Fomin et al. 1994), where the object was observed at 0.4 degree offset from the camera center in opposite directions every 20 min. After data rejection based on the standard quality cuts and the trigger rate, 7.18 h of total effective observation time data were selected.
An automatic analysis pipeline (Dorner et al. 2005; Bretz
& Dorner 2008)
was used to process the data, which include the muon calibration
(Goebel et al. 2005)
and an
absolute mispointing correction (Riegel et al. 2005). The
charge distribution and arrival time information of the pulses of
neighboring pixels was used to suppress the contribution from the night
sky background in the shower images (Aliu et al. 2009). Three OFF
regions were used to determine the background, providing a
scaling factor of 1/3 for the background calculation. The shape and
orientation of the shower images were used to discriminate -like events
from the overwhelming background. To select the
-like events a dynamical cut
in Area
(Area =
WIDTH
LENGTH)
versus SIZE (total charge contained in an image) and a cut in
(angular
distance between real source position and reconstructed source
position) were applied. More details on the cuts can be found in
Riegel & Bretz (2005),
and the above mentioned image parameters are described by Hillas (1985). The
reconstructed
-ray
spectrum is shown in Fig. 1.
For the spectral reconstruction, looser cuts were applied to ensure
that more than 90% of the simulated gamma photons survived. Varying cut
efficiencies between 50% and 95% over the entire energy range were
applied to the data to check systematic effects of the cut efficiency
on the spectral shape (shown as gray area in Fig. 1). Data which were
affected by calima (sand dust from the Sahara in an air
layer between 1.5 km and 5.5 km a.s.l. causing
absorption of the Cherenkov light) were corrected following the method
described in Dorner et al. (2009).
5 Results and discussion
Analyzing the MAGIC data, an excess of 415 -like events, over 1835
normalized background events was found, yielding a significance of 8.0
.
The resulting differential VHE spectrum of PG 1553+113
averaged over all observing intervals is plotted in Fig. 1 (filled circles). It
can be described by a power law
m-2 s-1 TeV-1,
where F0 is the
normalization flux at 200 GeV and
is the photon index during our observation, which are both given in
Table 1.
The test on a possible spectral cut-off was also performed. However,
fewer points of the spectrum do not favour a cut-off power law over a
simple power law. The lowest point of the spectrum is at 82 GeV, mainly
because of the losses of low-energy events from the cleaning and
-selection
cuts. The values obtained during our previous observations (Albert et
al. 2007)
are also given in Table 1.
Table 1:
F0 and
during the MAGIC current observations and the previous observation.
The interaction of VHE -rays with the extragalactic
background light (EBL; a recent review can be found in Mazin &
Raue 2007)
leads to an attenuation of the VHE
-ray flux via
pair production. We computed the de-absorbed (i.e., intrinsic) fluxes
with a specific ``low star formation model'' of the EBL (Kneiske et al.
2004),
assuming a source redshift of z=0.3. The resulting
de-absorbed points are represented as empty squares in Fig. 1.
![]() |
Figure 1:
MAGIC measured spectrum of PG 1553+113 (filled circles). The
statistical significance of the points from left to right are 2.7, 4.2,
3.4, 4.3, and 3.0 |
Open with DEXTER |
The HE data reduction results from AGILE are summarized in
Table 2.
The 2
upper limits obtained by AGILE are consistent with the average flux
point observed by the Fermi-LAT for this source
during 2008 August-Octorber (Abdo et al. 2009). The upper
limit obtained in the third time interval was used for the modeling of
the SED. The fluxes and corresponding effective photon frequencies of
the other telescopes which contribute to this multi-frequency campaign
are reported in Table 3.
Table 2:
2
Upper limit calculated from the AGILE data in three different time
intervals.
Table 3: Effective frequencies and corresponding fluxes from PG 1553+113 from KVA, Abastumani, REM and RXTE instruments obtained during this campaign.
The SED of PG 1553+113 is shown in Fig. 2. The VHE and HE -ray flux
points are from MAGIC and AGILE respectively. The X-ray point, provided
by RXTE/ASM, represents the average flux between
March 1 and May 31, 2008. The optical R-band point, provided by the KVA
telescope, is the average flux obtained on 2008 March 18 and 19. The
flux provided by Abastumani is the average flux of the 2008 April 1-May
17 observations.
In addition to these data we also used the NIR flux from REM. To assess
the soundness of this addition, we checked the optical variability of
the source during this period using Abastumani data, and found that the
source was essentially stable (minimum and maximum values of
are -10.14 and -10.02 respectively). For a comparison of the HE flux,
we included the flux points from the Fermi
-ray Space
Telescope (Flux,
and photon index,
;
Abdo et al. 2009).
The average flux (15-30 keV) obtained from the X-ray satellite
Swift/BAT during 39 months (2004 December-2008
February) of observation (Cusumano et al. 2010) is also
included.
![]() |
Figure 2: Average SED of PG 1553+113 measured in 2008 March-April. The empty triangles denote the REM data, the open square represents the KVA data, the open circle denotes the Abastumani data, and the open square denotes RXTE/ASM data. The arrow at HE denotes the AGILE upper limit. The empty squares in the VHE range are the de-absorbed MAGIC data. We also show the non-simultaneous flux points from Fermi (bowtie) and Swift/BAT (small filled circle). |
Open with DEXTER |
We fitted the resulting simultaneous SED with a homogeneous one-zone
SSC model (Tavecchio et al. 2001).
The model assumes that the source is
a spherical plasmon of a radius R, moving with a
Doppler
factor
towards the observer at an angle
with respect to
the
line of sight threaded with a uniforming distributed tangled
magnetic field of the strength B. The injected
relativistic particle population is described as a broken power-law
spectrum with the normalization K, extending from
to
with the indices
and
below and above the break Lorentz factor
.
By fitting the observed flux with the model, we obtained the following
parameters:
= 1,
,
,
cm-3,
,
,
B=0.7 G,
cm, and
.
The optical and X-ray flux constrain on the slope of the electron
energy distribution (EED), while the X-ray and VHE spectrum fix the
Lorentz factors.
The difference between the current SED and the previous one
published in Albert et al. (2007)
is due to flux variation in the X-ray and a small variation of the
slope of VHE spectrum. We fitted the previous result with the Tavecchio
et al. (2001)
SSC model to compare the physical parameters of the SED. The difference
arises from the EED, but the slopes and
remain constant. The
and
of the previous observation are found to be
and
respectively.
During this campaign, no significant variability of the VHE
flux is found. The integral flux (E>200 GeV)
during these observations is cm-2s-1
while during the first observations it was
cm-2s-1.
The X-ray flux
increases by about a
factor of two, while the averaged X-ray flux during 39 months of Swift/BAT
observations agrees with our SED. The optical flux during our first
observation and the current observation does not show any significant
variability.
The Fermi bowtie and lowest-energy MAGIC data
points together with the model fit indicate a variability at HE or VHE
-rays.
Our results suggest that the variability of
PG 1553+113 at different frequencies is time-dependent: hence
only a simultaneous multi-frequency monitoring campaign over a large
time span will give more information on the source. Relative to this it
is worth mentioning that the AGILE and MAGIC data presented here
constitute the first simultaneous broad-band -ray observation (and ensuing
SED) of any blazar, though the first simultaneous detection
accomplished during the multi-frequency campaign of Mkn 421
(Donnarumma et al. 2009),
and the first broad-band
-ray
spectrum was obtained from PKS 2155-304 (Aharonian et al. 2009) by HESS
and Fermi.
The MAGIC collaboration would like to thank the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias for the excellent working condition at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos at La Palma. Major support from Germany's Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie and Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Italy's Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), and Spain's Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion is gratefully acknowledged. The work was also supported by Switzerland's ETH Research grant TH34/043, Poland's Ministertwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyszego grant N N203 390834, and Germany's Young Investigator Program of the Helmholtz Gemeinschaft. This work was also supported by Georgian National Science Foundation grant GNSF/ST07/4-180. EP acknowledges support from the Italian Space Agency through grants ASI-INAF I/023/05/0 and ASI I/088/06/0. N.M. would like to thank to C.W. Danforth for the private communication regarding the newly estimated redshift of the source.
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Footnotes
- ... package
- http://www.star.bris.ac.uk/ mbt/daophot/
- ... flux
- Note that the X-ray data used in Albert et al. (2007) was not taken simultaneously with VHE and optical data.
All Tables
Table 1:
F0 and
during the MAGIC current observations and the previous observation.
Table 2:
2
Upper limit calculated from the AGILE data in three different time
intervals.
Table 3: Effective frequencies and corresponding fluxes from PG 1553+113 from KVA, Abastumani, REM and RXTE instruments obtained during this campaign.
All Figures
![]() |
Figure 1:
MAGIC measured spectrum of PG 1553+113 (filled circles). The
statistical significance of the points from left to right are 2.7, 4.2,
3.4, 4.3, and 3.0 |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 2: Average SED of PG 1553+113 measured in 2008 March-April. The empty triangles denote the REM data, the open square represents the KVA data, the open circle denotes the Abastumani data, and the open square denotes RXTE/ASM data. The arrow at HE denotes the AGILE upper limit. The empty squares in the VHE range are the de-absorbed MAGIC data. We also show the non-simultaneous flux points from Fermi (bowtie) and Swift/BAT (small filled circle). |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
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