Clouds in the atmospheres of extrasolar planets - I. Climatic effects of multi-layered clouds for Earth-like planets and implications for habitable zones

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Table 1:

Mean cloud properties obtained from surface and satellite measurements.
	Cloud coverage (%)^a			Global average cloud properties^b
Cloud type	Ocean	Land	Global mean	Top temperature	Top pressure	Optical depth^c
Low-level clouds	47	22	39.5	$281.1 \ {\rm K}$	$0.826 \ {\rm bar}$	4.7
Stratus	12	5	9.9
Stratocumulus	22	12	19.0
Cumulus	13	5	10.6
Cumulonimbus^d	6	4	5.4
High-level clouds	12	22	15.0	$227.5 \ {\rm K}$	$0.267 \ {\rm bar}$	2.2
Cirriform	12	22	15.0

Notes. ^(a) Taken from surface observations (Warren et al. 2007), the global mean coverages have been derived by a weighted average from the coverages over ocean ( $70\%$ ) and land ( $30\%$ ). ^(b) From satellite observations within the ISCCP (see Rossow & Schiffer 1999, for details). ^(c) Optical depth at $0.6 ~ {\rm\mu m}$ . ^(d) Not included in the model and in the calculation of the mean coverages.

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