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A&A 507, 1763-1784 (2009)

The Nainital-Cape Survey

III. A search for pulsational variability in chemically peculiar stars

S. Joshi¹ - D. L. Mary² - N. K. Chakradhari³ - S. K. Tiwari¹ - C. Billaud²

1 - Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Manora Peak, Nainital, India
2 - Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
3 - School of Studies in Physics and Astrophysics, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India

Received 24 April 2009 / Accepted 2 September 2009

Abstract
Context. The Nainital-Cape survey is a dedicated research programme to search for and study the pulsational variability in chemically peculiar stars in the Northern Hemisphere.
Aims. The aim of the survey is to search for such chemically peculiar stars that are pulsationally unstable.
Methods. The observations of the sample stars were carried out in high-speed photometric mode using a three-channel fast photometer attached to the 1.04-m Sampurnanand telescope at ARIES.
Results. The new photometric observations confirmed that the pulsational period of star HD 25515 is 2.78-hrs. The repeated time-series observations of HD 113878 and HD 118660 revealed that previously known frequencies are indeed present in the new data sets. We have estimated the distances, absolute magnitudes, effective temperatures and luminosities of these stars. Their positions in the H-R diagram indicate that HD 25515 and HD 118660 lie near the main-sequence while HD 113878 is an evolved star. We also present a catalogue of 61 stars classified as null results, along with the corresponding 87 frequency spectra taken from 2002-2008. A statistical analysis of these null results shows, by comparison with past data, that the power of the noise in the light curves has slightly increased during the last few years.

Key words: stars: chemically peculiar - stars: oscillations - stars: variables: Sct

1 Introduction

A survey project, the ``Nainital-Cape Survey'' was initiated in 1997 between the Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital, and the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO), Capetown, to search for and study the pulsational variability in chemically peculiar (CP) A-F stars. The atmospheres of these stars have an inhomogeneous distribution of chemical elements which are frequently seen as abundance spots on stellar surfaces and as clouds of chemical elements concentrated at certain depths along the stellar radius (see, for example, Kochukhov et al. 2004a; Lueftinger et al. 2003; Ryabchikova et al. 2006, 2005, 2002). The inhomogeneity with high abundance gradients is explained by microscopic radiative diffusion processes depending on the balance between gravitational pull and uplift by the radiation field through absorption in spectral lines (Michaud 1970; Michaud et al. 1981; Leblanc et al. 2009). Therefore, the CP stars are excellent test objects for astrophysical processes like diffusion, convection, and stratification in stellar atmospheres in the presence of rather strong magnetic fields.

A class of CP (CP2) stars known as Ap (A-peculiar) stars, which rotate considerably more slowly than spectroscopically normal main sequence stars have similar effective temperatures, strong magnetic fields, normal or below-solar concentrations of light and iron-peak elements, and overabundances of rare Earth elements. A fraction of cool Ap stars in the effective temperature range of 6400 to 8100 K (Kochukhov & Bagnulo 2006) exhibit anomalously strong Sr, Cr and Eu lines coupled with high-magnetic fields from a few to as high as 24.5 kGauss (Kurtz et al. 2006b). Those stars which pulsate in the period of range 5.65 to 22-min (Kreidl 1985; Kochukhov 2008), with photometric amplitude variations of less than 10 milli-magnitude (mmag) in the Johnson B filter, and spectroscopic radial velocity variations of 0.05 to 5-km s^-1, are known as rapidly oscillating Ap (roAp) stars. The roAp pulsations are attributed to low-order (l< 3), high-overtone (), non-radial p-modes and are classically explained by the oblique pulsator model (Kurtz 1982). This model supposes that the pulsation axis is aligned to the magnetic axis which is oblique to the rotation axis. As the star rotates, the variations in the pulsational amplitude can be observed by a distant observer. Recent theoretical studies of roAp stars show that the axis of the p-mode pulsations is not exactly aligned with the magnetic field because of the centrifugal force (Bigot & Dziembowski 2002). Excitation of pulsations in roAp stars is governed by the -mechanism acting in the H I ionization zone, with the additional influence of the magnetic quenching of convection and composition gradients built up by the atomic diffusion (Balmoforth et al. 2001; Cunha 2002; Vauclair & Théado 2004). These magneto-acoustic pulsators provide a unique opportunity to study pulsations in the presence of chemical inhomogeneities and strong magnetic fields.

Apart from the roAp stars, another class of CP stars (CP1) known as Am (A-metallic) stars preferably found within close binary systems, exhibit low-rotational velocities, lack of magnetic fields, apparent underabundance of calcium and scandium, and has overabundance of Fe-peak elements. The former near exclusion between pulsational variability and Am-type chemical peculiarity has evolved considerably in recent years, and this dichotomy is no longer clear-cut. Indeed, pulsations of the -Scuti type have been seen in many Am stars (e.g. Kurtz 1989; Martinez et al. 1999; Kurtz & Martinez 2000; Joshi et al. 2003; González et al. 2008), but our understanding of the physics of pulsating Am stars is still far from being complete. Theoretical models can for instance partially explain that evolved Am stars can pulsate (-mechanism in He II can drive the pulsations in evolved Am stars) and that marginal Am stars can be low-amplitude -Scuti stars (a sufficient amount of He remains to drive low-amplitude oscillations). However, less well understood are the mechanisms of pulsations in classical Am stars (Kurtz & Martinez 2000), -Scuti type pulsations in Ap stars (González et al. 2008), the origin of the abundance anomalies either from a superficial or from a much deeper mixing zone (Leblanc & Alecian 2008; Leblanc et al. 2009), the co-existence of -Scuti and -Doradus type pulsations in Am stars (King et al. 2006; Henry & Fekel 2005), limits where chemical peculiarity and pulsations can coexist and where they are mutually exclusive (Hekker et al. 2008) and possible excitation of solar like oscillations in Am stars (Carrier et al. 2007).

The rich pulsation spectra of roAp and pulsating Am stars not only helps us to study the interaction of pulsations and chemical peculiarities but also several important astrophysical parameters such as mass, luminosity, rotational period or magnetic field strength can also be inferred, or at least constrained (Balmforth et al. 2001; Cunha 2002; Saio 2005; Bruntt et al. 2009).

However, despite several searches (e.g. Nelson & Kreidl 1993; Martinez & Kurtz 1994; Handler & Paunzen 1999; Martinez et al. 2001; Dorokhova & Dorokhov 2005; Joshi et al. 2006) only about 40 roAp stars are known to date (Kochukhov 2008). This dearth of roAp stars demands high-precision systematic surveys. In this context, the ``Nainital-Cape'' survey is an effort to search for pulsational variability in Ap and Am stars. In the last decade, several results have been obtained from this survey. They are summarized in Table 1: HD 12098 was discovered as a roAp star (Girish et al. 2001), and pulsations of the -Scuti type were discovered in 6 CP stars : HD 13038, HD 13079 (Martinez et al. 2001), HD 98851, HD 102480 (Joshi et al. 2003), HD 113878 and HD 118660 (Joshi et al. 2006). HD 98851 and HD 102480 are unusual pulsators in the sense they exhibit alternating high and low maxima (i.e., the amplitude of the pulsations is high and low in a cyclic way).

Table 1:   Pulsating variables discovered during the ``Nainital-Cape survey''.

Since the 1980 s, the high-speed photometric technique is has been used to search for and study the photometric light variations in short period (min) pulsating variables. In parallel, high-resolution spectroscopic techniques have been recently used to measure the corresponding radial velocity (RV) variations and yielded many interesting results (e.g. Kochukhov & Ryabchikova 2001; Mkrtichian et al. 2003; Hatzes & Mkrtichian 2004; Elkin et al. 2005; Kurtz et al. 2006a; Ryabchikova et al. 2007; Kochukhov et al. 2008; González et al. 2008). The RV measurements are a very useful technique towards the derivation of horizontal information obtained from the line profile variability. Vertical information is extracted from the differential analysis of both the amplitude and phase of spectral lines formed at different atmospheric heights. Also, the phase information of individual spectral lines and oscillation modes is an important tool to constrain the chemical stratification and the physical models of the atmosphere. For these reasons, RV studies of individual lines provide a very powerful tool towards an atmospheric tomography of roAp stars.

If spectroscopic studies are such an efficient tool, why continue doing photometric surveys? Despite the improved sensitivity of the high-resolution spectroscopic monitoring for searching low-amplitude oscillations in roAp candidates, the major drawback of this technique remains the small amount of observing time available at large telescopes. Traditional photometric surveys are performed on small telescopes, and are consequently relatively cheap (both in cost and telescope time). For instance, Kurtz discovered the first roAp star HD 101065 by means of high-speed photometry using the 50-cm telescope of SAAO (Kurtz 1978). Indeed, this argument in favor of photometry assumes that the photometric instruments are periodically upgraded: since the 1970 s, most or all bright stars that are observable with good signal to noise ratios using small telescopes and traditional detectors have been checked for pulsation at the mmag level. In order to push our investigations towards fainter objects, the technology of photometric surveys must consequently be updated with state-of-the-art instruments. This is one reason why ARIES decided to give a new boost to the survey by installing bigger telescopes at a better astronomical site (see Sect. 5.2, and Sagar et al. 2000; Stalin et al. 2001).

This paper is the third of a series (Paper I: Martinez et al. 2001, Paper II: Joshi et al. 2006). It is organized as follows: the selection criteria are briefly described in Sect. 2 and the techniques of observation and data analysis are described in Sect. 3. Results from the new observations of HD 25515, HD 113878 and HD 118660, along with some astrophysical parameters of these stars are presented in Sect. 4. Section 5 presents the null results and their analysis. Some conclusions are drawn in Sect. 6.

2 Selection of the candidates

To date, there are no firmly established selection criteria to maximize the chances of detecting new variables. Therefore our primary criterion was to choose candidates presenting Strömgren photometric indices similar to those Ap and Am stars that exhibit pulsational variability (Hauck & Mermilliod 1998). For this, the following range of Strömgren photometric indices was used to select the samples: ; ; ; ; and , where c₁ is the Balmer discontinuity parameter (luminosity indicator), m₁ is the line-blanketing parameter (metallicity indicator), is the H line strength index (indicator of temperature in the spectral range A3 to F2 and reasonably free from reddening) and b-y is also an indicator of temperature but affected by reddening. A more negative value of [m₁(standard)-m₁(observed)] and [c₁(observed)-c₁(standard)] means that the star is more peculiar (Crawford 1975, 1979). However, we have slightly extended (by 10%) the corresponding range of indices to include the evolved and cooler stars, hence there are sample stars not falling in the range of Strömgren photometric indices mentioned above. The candidates were also selected from the general catalogue of Ap and Am stars (Renson et al. 1991) and the fifth Michigan catalogue (Houk & Swift 1999). The roAp stars are magnetic and of the SrCrEu type, and pulsating Am stars are non-magnetic. Since both belong to the spectral class of late A to early F, samples were also selected from the Kudryavtsev et al. (2006); Bychkov et al. (2003) and Høg et al. (2000).

3 Observations and data analysis

The time-series photometric data consist of continuous 10-s integrations obtained through a Johnson B-filter. An aperture of 30 was used to minimize flux variations caused by seeing fluctuations and guiding errors. The data reduction process comprises visual inspection of the light curve to identify and remove the bad data points, correction for coincident counting losses, subtraction of the interpolated sky background and correction for the mean atmospheric extinction. After applying these corrections, the times of the mid-points of each data sample are converted into heliocentric Julian dates (HJD) with an accuracy of 10^-5 day (1 s). The reduced data comprise a time-series of HJD and B-magnitude with respect to the mean of the light curve.

To search for periodic signals, the time-series data were classically analyzed using a fast algorithm based on Deeming's discrete Fourier transform (DFT) for unequally spaced data (Deeming 1975). The first step of the analysis is to inspect the DFTs of each individual light curve where the dominant frequency f₁ is identified. To identify other frequencies present in the data, a sinusoid corresponding to the dominant frequency, amplitude and phase (of the form is subtracted from the time-series. The residuals of this fit are then used to compute the DFT again, the resulting dominant frequency is identified as f₂ and so on. This prewhitening procedure was repeated until the residuals were judged to be at the noise level. To search for additional frequencies and to define the known frequencies in a better way, we also computed the DFTs of the combined data sets for each star. We comment further on the data analysis in the next section.

4 New fast photometric observations of HD 25515, HD 113878 and HD 118660

The following subsections describe the results from the follow-up observations and discuss some of the fundamental astrophysical parameters of the individual stars.

4.1 HD 25515

The Strömgren indices of HD 25515 are b-y = 0.262, m₁ = 0.177, c₁ = 0.745 and (Hauck & Mermilliod 1998). On the basis of these peculiar indices, HD 25515 was included in the survey programme. Chaubey & Kumar (2005) announced the discovery of a pulsational period of 2.8 h in HD 25515, but so far no light curves have been published. Since year 2004, a total of 57.52 h of data was collected on 13 nights. The left panel of Fig. 1 shows four typical light curves of HD 25515 and the corresponding amplitude spectra of these light curves are shown in the right panel.

Table 2:   Journal of fast photometric observations of HD 25515.

Table 2 gives the complete journal of the photometric observations. The data sets marked with asterisks are used for frequency analysis to search for the additional frequencies and define the known frequencies in a better way (same asterisks convention for the next two tables). Columns 5 and 6 of this table list the prominent frequencies and the corresponding amplitudes, respectively. A frequency analysis of the longest time-series (Dec. 20, 2007) shows a pulsational period of 2.78-h (  mHz). Another prominent frequency  mHz is also visible in some amplitude spectra; however, it lies in the region where the sky transparency has a high power, further follow-up observations are therefore needed to strengthen the detection of this frequency.

Table 3:   Journal of fast photometric observations of HD 113878.

Table 4:   Journal of fast photometric observations of HD 118660.

4.2 HD 113878

HD 113878 was discovered as a -Scuti type pulsator by Joshi et al. (2006). To confirm the pulsational variability and search for additional periodicities, follow-up observations of HD 113878 were carried out. A total of 35.97 h photometric data was obtained on 11 nights between 2002 and 2008. The left panel of Fig. 2 shows the light curves of HD 113878 obtained in four observing seasons and the corresponding amplitude spectra are shown in the right panel. Table 3 lists the complete journal of the these observations. Columns 5 and 6 of this table list the prominent frequencies and the corresponding amplitudes. The frequency f₁=0.12 mHz reported by Joshi et al. (2006) appears as the prominent peak in almost all the observing runs. Therefore, these 36-h of photometric observations confirm the period of pulsations in HD 113878. Based on the available data, nothing can be said about other possible frequencies.

4.3 HD 118660

The discovery of pulsations in HD 118660 was also reported by Joshi et al. (2006); it was speculated that the star might be a multi-periodic pulsating variable. To confirm this periodicity and search for additional periods, follow-up observations were carried out between 2005 and 2007. A total of 41.22 h high-speed photometric data was acquired on 11 nights. Table 4 gives the journal of the observations. The left panel of Fig. 3 shows two typical light curves obtained in two observing seasons and the corresponding amplitude spectra are shown in the right panel. The frequencies f₁=0.28 and f₂=0.11 mHz reported by Joshi et al. (2006) are indeed present in almost all the runs, so these new observations confirm the previously known frequencies.

4.4 Frequency analysis of the combined data

We combined the time-series data sets of HD 25515, HD 113878 and HD 118660 (marked with asterisks in Tables 2, 3 and 4) to identify the known frequencies and to search for additional frequencies. In order to obtain a good S/N ratio in the amplitude spectra, we excluded the data sets that are contaminated by large sky transparency variation and/or have a duration of less than one cycle. The amplitude spectra of these combined data set of HD 25515, HD 113878 and HD 118660 are shown in Figs. 4-6, respectively. All these Fourier transforms (FTs) are ``raw'' transforms in the sense that no low-frequency filtering to remove sky transparency fluctuations was applied to the data, other than a correction for mean extinction. The top panel of these figures are the FTs of the whole data sets mentioned in the caption of each figure while the lower panels are the FTs after successive prewhitening by f₁, f₂, f₃, etc. Columns 2-4 of Table 5 lists the prominent frequencies, amplitudes and phases. Two frequencies f₁=0.11 mHz and f₂=0.03 mHz are clearly visible in the amplitude spectrum of HD 25515. However, the frequency f₂ lies in the region of sky transparency variations and hence needs confirmation. In the case of HD 113878, the frequency f₁ is present in both the combined and individual data sets and hence this frequency is firmly confirmed. The amplitude spectrum of HD 118660 clearly shows the presence of three prominent peaks at frequencies f₁=0.054, f₂=0.299 and f₃=0.200 mHz. The frequency f₁ has a low amplitude and a low frequency so it should be taken cautiously.

The frequencies identified using the DFT were fitted simultaneously to the combined data by linear least-square fits that assumes that the frequencies are perfectly known and adjusts the amplitudes and phases. These amplitudes and phases, along with their errors, are listed in Table 5, which combines the time-series data sets marked with asterisks in Tables 2-4, respectively. The phase  corresponds to t₀=24553012.14302, 2452320.40523 and 2453426.38106 for HD 25515, HD 113878, and HD 118660, respectively. The comparison of the amplitude and phase determined using both methods are consistent with each other. We caution that all the frequencies listed in Table 5 are subject to 1-day^-1 cycle count ambiguities. In order to reduce these ambiguities and eliminate them altogether a multi-site campaign is necessary. Note that another efficient way to study the pulsational variability in -Scuti type variables is differential CCD photometry. This technique needs nearby comparison stars of similar magnitude and color. HD 25515, HD 113878 and HD 118660 are however brighter than nine magnitudes and there are no nearby comparison stars of similar magnitude and color; this renders the use of differential photometry difficult in this case.

Table 5:   Identification of the frequencies present in HD 25515, HD 113878 and HD 118660.

4.5 Fundamental parameters

We derived some astrophysical parameters of HD 25515, HD 113878 and HD 118660 using Hipparcos parallaxes (van Leeuwen 2007) and Simbad data base. Those are listed in Table 6. The calculated values for E(B-V) and the bolometric corrections (BC) for HD 25515, HD 113878 and HD 118660 are 0.02, 0.20, 0.06 mag and 0.026, 0.035, 0.035 mag, respectively. The effective temperatures of these stars were estimated using the grids of Moon & Dworetsky (1985) with typical errors of the order of 200 K.

The absolute magnitude M_v is calculated using the relation (Cox 1999)

where is trigonometric parallax measured in arcsec, the interstellar extinction in the V-band is A_V = R_V E(B-V)=3.1E(B-V). The reddening parameter E(B-V) is obtained by taking the difference of the observed color (taken from Simbad data base) and intrinsic color (estimated from Cox 1999).

The luminosity log  were calculated using the relation

where (Cox 1999), and the bolometric correction BC is estimated using the interpolation from Flower (1996).

Table 6:   Astrophysical data for HD 25515, HD 113878 and HD 118660.

Table 7:   Sample of stars classified as null results.

The estimated positions of HD 25515, HD 113878 and HD 118660 in the H-R diagram are shown in Fig. 7. For comparison, evolutionary tracks of masses ranging from 1.6 to 2.9  are also over-plotted (Christensen-Dalsgaard 1993). These models are computed with the Aarhus evolution code (ASTEC), superior in terms of numerical precision and used extensively (Cunha 2002; Freyhammer et al. 2008a,b). For the model calculations, used compositions are X = 0.692827 and Z = 0.02, the equation of state from Eggleton et al. (1973), opacities from OPAL92, and the convection was treated with mixing-length theory. No convective-core overshoot, diffusion and settling was considered to compute these models (Christensen-Dalsgaard, personal communication). The position of the blue (left) and red edge (right) of the instability strip are shown by two straight lines (Turcotte et al. 2000). The error in the determination of the luminosity of HD 113878 is quite significant due to large uncertainty in the parallaxes. From this figure it is clear that the masses of these stars are well within the range of -Scuti stars. The H-R diagram also suggests that HD 25515 and HD 118660 are in the hydrogen burning phase while HD 113878 is in the helium burning phase.

5 Null results

The candidate stars for which no pulsational variability could be ascertained are addressed as null results. The null results are either constant stars, or pulsating variables with amplitude of variations below the detection limit. Consequently, the frequency spectra of the light curves of such candidates do not show any peak to be considered as the signature of pulsations.

It should be kept in mind that the rotational amplitude modulation and beating between frequencies may result in pulsations not being visible during particular observations (Martinez & Kurtz 1994; Handler 2004). So if a star is classified as a null result in a particular observation, it does not mean that the star is non-variable. For example, HD 25515 (Sect. 4.1) was observed for a duration of 0.78-h on HJD 2451832 and did not show any pulsational variability; it was hence classify as null result (Joshi et al. 2006) although it is a variable.

The null results are therefore important for comparison with further studies. In addition, the null result light curves are considered as essentially composed noise, so they reflect the quality of the observation conditions. The database composed by null results light curves is therefore very interesting for statistical studies of all noise sources (instruments, atmosphere etc.) active during the observations.

5.1 Fundamental astrophysical parameters

Since the last survey paper (Joshi et al. 2006), a total of 61 candidate stars were monitored to search for pulsational variability (in addition to the 3 variables described above) and a few of them were observed several times. Table 7 lists the different astrophysical parameters of the studied sample, either available in the Simbad data base or calculated using the standard relations. For each stars, the columns of this table list respectively the HD number, right ascension , declination , visual magnitude m_v, spectral type, parallax (van Leeuwen 2007), spectral indices b-y, m₁, c₁, H, , , effective temperature , reddening parameter E(B-V), absolute magnitude M_v, luminosity log (Sect. 4.5), duration of the observations , heliocentric Julian dates (HJD:2450000+) and year of observations (2000+) when the star was observed. Visual magnitude m_v, spectral type, parallax , spectral indices b-y, m₁, c₁ and H values are taken from the Simbad data base. The sign ``-'' is for those stars for which the basic data is not available in the archive. and are calculated using the calibration of Crawford (1975, 1979) and is calculated using the grids of Moon & Dworetsky (1985). The typical error in the estimation of the effective temperature of sample stars is about 200 K.

Figure 11 shows unprewhitened amplitude spectra of the light curves corrected for extinction. As we are searching for pulsational variability of the mmag order in the period range of a few minutes to a few hours, an amplitude scale of 0 to 9 mmag in the y-axis and frequency scale of 0 to 5-mHz in X-axis are chosen. The data reduction process is common for all stars so their spectra form a relatively homogeneous data set. Figure 12 shows the prewhitened spectra that have been filtered for low-frequency sky transparency variations. The prewhitening strategy was to remove the high energy (above 3 mmag) low-frequency peaks (below 0.5-mHz).

5.2 Analysis of the null results

Before proceeding further, we have to correct for two pieces of information regarding the null results presented in the previous survey paper (Joshi et al. 2006). Firstly, the time span of the data set in the previous paper was not 1999-2004, as mentioned in the text, but 1999-2002 (precisely 1999 November 15, to 2002 March 05). Secondly, Figs. 7 and 8 were interchanged. These figures are very similar to each other so it does not change the essence of the comments, but we nevertheless apologize to the readers and to the Editor for this.

Figure 8 shows the distribution of the number of runs per star, and the duration of the runs per star for the 2002-2008 data. These plots show the detection strategy of the observations: observe candidates for a short time in order to check several targets per night.

Figure 9 shows the amplitude distribution of the tallest peak in the prewhitened spectra presented at the end of the paper. While in 2-h the level of the maxima of the noise peak created by scintillation is about 0.2 mmag for best photometric nights (Mary 2006), it has higher values for many nights. This is mainly because of powerful low frequency noise (sky transparency variation), that is not totally removed by prewhitening. Most light curves have their highest peak around 0.3 to 1 mmag. This range can be considered as an operational detection limit. Notice that for quite a few nights, the highest peak has a much higher amplitude. The mean of the distribution is  mmag and the median 1.0 mmag. For the data set of the previous observation period (Nov. 99 to March 2002), we had for the amplitude distribution of the highest peak a mean of  mmag and a median of 1.0 mmag. While the median is stable, the mean indicates a slight increase in the average power of the noise during the last 6 years with respect to the time period 1999-2002.

Figure 10 shows the distribution in position (mHz) of the highest peak. The distribution is not flat as would be expected from a purely scintillation noise spectrum; this is again due to sky transparency variations. The mean and the median are respectively  mHz and 0.9 mHz, against  mHz and 1.3 mHz for the 1999-2002 data set. This indicates that the highest peak is shifted to the low frequency part of the spectrum, suggesting in turn that sky transparency variations (occurring at lower frequencies) are becoming more powerful.

Astronomers used to the Nainital site have observed a slight decrease in the photometric quality of Manora Peak's sky (where ARIES is located), mainly because of an increase of human activity in the surroundings. ARIES is now in the process of installing 1.3 and 3.6 m optical telescopes at a new astronomical site, Devasthal (longitude: East, latitude: North, altitude: 2420 m) by the end of year 2009 and 2012, respectively. This site has an average seeing of 1 near ground and 0.65 at 12 m above the ground (Sagar et al. 2000; Stalin et al. 2001). We expect these new observing facilities at Devasthal to contribute significantly to asteroseismology in the near future.

6 Conclusions

On the basis of about 58 h of high-speed photometric data acquired in 13 nights on different observing seasons, it is found that HD 25515 pulsates with a period of about 2.78 h. HD 113878 was observed for 36 h on 11 nights during different seasons and no new frequency could be detected because the data are severely aliased. However, the previously estimated frequency (0.12 mHz) is present in all data sets. Similarly, in the 41 h time-series photometric observations of HD 118660 taken on 11 nights, we could not identify any new frequencies other than those previously known. The fundamental astrophysical parameters of these stars were calculated using standard relations and are summarized in Table 6. The positions of HD 25515, HD 113878 and HD 118660 in the H-R diagram indicate that all these stars are near the red edge of the instability strip, where most pulsating variables are found. The H-R diagram also shows that HD 25515 and HD 118660 are near the MS, while HD 113878 is an evolved star. We have also presented a catalogue of 61 null result acquired in 2002-2009, along with 87 spectra. A statistical analysis of these null results shows, by comparison with past data, that the photometric quality of the nights at ARIES has slightly decreased during the last few years. The Nainital-Cape survey is an ongoing project, and in the light of the up-coming observational facilities, the future of asteroseismology at ARIES is quite promising.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the anonymous referee for many useful comments which helped us improving the manuscript substantially. The authors acknowledge Prof. R. Sagar, Prof. D. W. Kurtz, Drs. P. Martinez, S. Seetha, B. N. Ashoka, U. S. Chaubey and V. Girish for their participation in the ``Nainital-Cape-Survey''. SKT is thankful to Prof. U. S. Pandey for his critical reading. Resources provided by the electronic databases (SIMBAD, NASA's ADS and Hipparcos) are acknowledged. This work was carried out under the Indo-South Africa Science and Technology Cooperation (INT/SAFR/P-04/2002/13-02-2003 and INT/SAFR/P-3(3)2009).

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Footnotes

... type

-Scuti stars are pulsating variables with spectral type from A2 to F0 and luminosities ranging from zero-age main sequence to about two magnitude above the main sequence. Their known periods range from 18.12-min (HD 34282, Amado et al. 2004) to about 8-h, with amplitude of light variations up to a few tens of mmag. The pulsations in -Scuti stars are characterized by low-order, low-degree radial and/or non-radial modes which are governed by the -mechanism operating in the He II ionization zone.

... tracks

http://www.phys.au.dk/ jcd/emdl94/eff_v6

All Tables

Table 1:   Pulsating variables discovered during the ``Nainital-Cape survey''.

Table 2:   Journal of fast photometric observations of HD 25515.

Table 3:   Journal of fast photometric observations of HD 113878.

Table 4:   Journal of fast photometric observations of HD 118660.

Table 5:   Identification of the frequencies present in HD 25515, HD 113878 and HD 118660.

Table 6:   Astrophysical data for HD 25515, HD 113878 and HD 118660.

Table 7:   Sample of stars classified as null results.

All Figures

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Copyright ESO 2009