Issue |
A&A
Volume 498, Number 1, April IV 2009
|
|
---|---|---|
Page(s) | 307 - 311 | |
Section | Planets and planetary systems | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200810184 | |
Published online | 11 March 2009 |
New visible spectra and mineralogical assessment of (21)
Lutetia, a target of the Rosetta mission![[*]](/icons/foot_motif.gif)
M. Lazzarin1 - S. Marchi1 - L. V. Moroz2,3 - S. Magrin1
1 -
Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Padova, Vicolo
dell'Osservatorio 3, 35122 Padova, Italy
2 -
Institute of Planetology, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm
Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
3 -
German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Planetary Research,
Rutherfordstr. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
Received 13 May 2008 / Accepted 4 December 2008
Abstract
The Rosetta spacecraft, launched on March 2nd 2004, in
the course of its journey to the comet
67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (encounter foreseen in 2014), will
fly past two asteroids: (2867) Steins and (21) Lutetia. On
September 5th 2008 (2867) Steins was encountered. In this
paper, we present two visible spectra of (21) Lutetia of
different spectral resolutions covering the spectral ranges
where possible absorption bands were previously revealed by
Lazzarin and collaborators. We confirm detection of a broad
complex feature between 0.45 and 0.55 m and two narrower
features around 0.47 and 0.52
m.
We discuss possible assignments of these bands and suggest
that they might originate from electronic transitions in
pyroxenes, although unambiguous identification is difficult
and the published thermal infrared (TIR) spectrum of (21)
Lutetia suggests that pyroxene cannot be the dominant
silicate component at its surface. Furthermore, we discuss
the published spectra of (21) Lutetia in the range from
near-UV to thermal infrared. We conclude that carbonaceous
meteorites (chondrites and achondrites) appear to be the
closest meteorite analogues of (21) Lutetia, based on the
observed spectral features. Among these meteorites,
metal-rich carbonaceous chondrites seem to be the most
plausible analogue materials.
Key words: minor planets, asteroids - techniques: spectroscopic
1 Introduction
The International Rosetta Mission, successfully launched on March 2nd 2004, will encounter comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the principal target of the mission, in 2014. The Rosetta mission was also designed to fly-by two asteroids during its long journey. (2867) Steins was encountered on 5th September 2008 at a minimum distance of about 800 km, and (21) Lutetia will be encountered on July 10th, 2010 at about 3000 km at a speed of 15 kilometers per second. Rosetta will attempt to answer the main questions related to the origin and evolution of the Solar System. The constituents of the minor bodies, especially comets, contain the record of the chemical and physical primordial processes of the formation of our planetary system. In particular, the encounter of Rosetta with the asteroids will be important to obtaining detailed information about the dynamic properties, surface morphology, and composition of the two objects.
The targets of Rosetta have been extensively investigated by ground-based observational campaigns. The goal has been to obtain as much information as possible (rotation period, pole orientation, surface composition) to define the observational strategies of the spacecraft as accurately as possible.
On January, the 2nd and 3rd 2007 Rosetta imaged the asteroid (21) Lutetia from a distance of about 1.64 AU. The on-board camera OSIRIS imaged the asteroid passing through its field of view during the spacecraft's gradual approach to Mars.
Steins and Lutetia are rather different objects. Steins is a small
body: with an absolute magnitude of 13.18 (Hicks et al. 2004) and a
polarimetric albedo of
,
a diameter of approximately 4.6 km has been determined. The successful flyby of Steins (5 Sept.
2008) by Rosetta will provide, apart from other information,
confirmation or not of the ground-based parameters that have so far
been obtained. Lutetia is a larger asteroid with a diameter of
km, as determined by IRAS (Tedesco et al. 1992), that has been
found to have an albedo of
and a synodic period of
h (Lagerkvist et al. 1995; Zappala et al. 1984; Dotto et al. 1992). Information
about its shape, pole coordinates, and a prograde sense of rotation
was reported by Magri et al. (1999). On the basis of available
observations, Torppa et al. (2003) determined new pole coordinates and a
model shape (sharp and irregular) with global dimensions
a/b= 1.2 and
b/c=1.2. In spite of several types of investigation (polarimetric,
visible and near-infrared spectroscopy) obtained until now, the
taxonomic classification of Lutetia has not yet been completely
defined. Zellner et al. (1985) classified Lutetia as an X-type, while
analysis of the ECAS and IRAS thermal albedo data inferred an M-type
(Tholen & Barucci 1989; Barucci et al. 1987). Hiroi et al. (1993) found a good match
between a Lutetia spectrum and that of the iron meteorite Mundrabilla,
and the analysis of the SMASSII spectroscopic data favors
classification of Lutetia as an Xk-type (Bus & Binzel 2002).
Lazzaro et al. (2004) also determined an X-classification for Lutetia.
Howell et al. (1994) and Burbine & Binzel (2002) observed Lutetia in the
near-infrared and found that it has an unusual flat spectrum compared
to other M-type asteroids. Birlan et al. (2004) and Barucci et al. (2005) found
a good match between new visible and near-infrared spectra of Lutetia
and spectra of carbonaceous chondrites, usually similar to C-type
asteroids. NIR spectroscopy (Birlan et al. 2006) confirmed a similarity
with CV-CO meteorites. Polarimetric observations supported the idea
that the composition of Lutetia is similar to that of carbonaceous
chondrite meteorites (Belskaya & Lagerkvist 1996). Magri et al. (1999) inferred a
low radar albedo for Lutetia that excluded the extensive exposure of
bright pure metal on its surface. Mueller et al. (2006) and Shepard et al. (2005)
published an albedo value consistent with similar measurements for
M type asteroids and measurements inferred from IRAS data. However, in
spite of the several measurements that have been completed, the
precise value of the albedo still remains a matter of debate. On the
basis of near IR observations in the 0.8-2.5
m interval
Nedelcu et al. (2007) again inferred a composition consistent with that of a
primitive body. A similarity with carbonaceous chondrites was found
from Spitzer observations of the asteroid (Barucci et al. 2008).
Rivkin et al. (2000) reported the detection of the 3
m absorption
feature due to water of hydration, typical of hydrated carbonaceous
meteorites.
Lazzarin et al. (2004b) acquired three visible spectra of Lutetia covering
the entire rotational period of the object with the aim of discovering
possible surface composition variations. The spectra obtained agree
with a primitive composition and we found two main absorption features
around 0.43 and 0.51 m that we tentatively attributed to
ferric-iron spin forbidden absorptions present in minerals such as
phyllosilicates, a product of the aqueous alteration process.
Prokof'eva et al. (2005) detected absorption features between 0.44 and 0.67
m that they attributed to hydrated minerals. We present the
analysis of two new visible spectra of Lutetia taken to confirm or
exclude the presence of these absorption bands and possibly clarify
their origin. In particular, we investigated the spectral region
where these bands were detected by using a higher spectral resolution.
A more precise knowledge of the surface composition of Lutetia is
particularly important to the definition of the observational strategy
of the Rosetta mission.
2 Observations, data reduction and discussion
We obtained two visible spectra of Lutetia in the range
0.45-0.70 m on December 7th 2004, with the ESO-NTT at La Silla, Chile
(Fig. 1). The NTT was equipped with EMMI (ESO Multi-Mode
Instrument), and was operated in the low-medium resolution mode with
the GRISM #1 and the GRISM #5 respectively and a slit width of
(corresponding to a resolving power of about 250 and 1000,
respectively), chosen to minimize the differential refraction due to
the atmosphere. The slit was oriented along the parallactic angle.
Lutetia was also observed in the course of another observational
program; a detailed description of the data reduction for these
observations was given by Lazzarin et al. (2004a).
To minimize atmospheric extinction effects, we obtained spectra of
different solar analogs at different airmasses during the night. The
solar analogs spectra revealed negligible differences. The ratio
between their spectra has a maximum deviation of less than 5%
around 1. The reflectivity was inferred by dividing the asteroid spectrum by
the solar analog Landolt 93-101 and normalizing it at 0.55 m.
As reported in Lazzarin et al. (2004b), we previously found absorption
features in the spectra of Lutetia. We therefore attempted to
investigate in detail the spectral region where the bands had
previously been identified, by recording a spectrum of Lutetia with a
higher spectral resolution between 0.45 and 0.70 m. For
comparison, we obtained during the same night a spectrum of Lutetia
with low resolution, which appears similar to the higher resolution
one, as shown in Fig. 1.
In our previous work (Lazzarin et al. 2004b), we identified two main
absorption bands around 0.43 and 0.51 m that we tentatively
attributed to a ferric iron spin-forbidden absorption present in
hydrated minerals, such as phyllosilicates or hydrated ferric sulfate,
(Vilas et al. 1993) and to crystalline iron oxides (Soderblom 1992; Bell et al. 1989)
or to porphyrins, carbon-rich compounds indicative of a primitive
composition (Luu & Jewitt 1990), respectively. Prokof'eva et al. (2005) found a
similar absorption band around 0.43-0.44
m that they attributed
to phyllosilicates of the serpentine type.
![]() |
Figure 1: Spectra of Lutetia taken with EMMI at NTT. Lower spectrum was observed in May 2003 with GRISM #1 while upper spectra were observed in December 2004 with GRISM #1 and GRISM #5. |
Open with DEXTER |
![]() |
Figure 2:
Spectrum of Lutetia taken with the GRISM #5 divided by a
linear fit to emphasize the absorption bands. Vertical lines are
placed at 0.47 and 0.52 |
Open with DEXTER |
The two new spectra confirm the presence of the absorption feature at
0.51 m. However, we could not investigate the region shortward
of 0.45
m because the solar analogues exhibited several
differences at those wavelengths and we preferred to discard the
short-wavelength range of the spectra. In this case, we cannot
confirm the band around 0.43
m reported previously. However, we
detected a narrow feature around 0.47
m and a feature around
0.52
m included in a wider depression between 0.45 and about
0.55
m (see Fig. 2). Since the observation of Lutetia
was part of another observational program, we checked the spectra of
other objects observed during the same night using the same solar
analogues. These object spectra do not show evidence of these
features, so even if they are subtle, we are confident that they are
true features and not artifacts.
The broad inflection between 0.45 and 0.55 m may be explained by
superposition of many absorption bands due to spin-allowed and
spin-forbidden crystal field transitions, and charge-transfer
transitions. These inflections are observed in spectra of some
pyroxenes and pyroxene-rich mineral assemblages (e.g. some meteorites
- see below).
Spectra of some olivines show similar features, although the most
significant absorption is centered on 0.45
m. Optical spectra of
Ti-bearing clinopyroxenes often exhibit such complex depression, for
example, as in the absorption spectra of a titanaugite and Allende
(CV3) fassaite studied by Burns et al. (1976), and reflectance spectra of
Ti-bearing clinopyroxenes presented by Cloutis (2002).
In general, pyroxenes show extreme spectral diversity, sometimes lack
two typical near infrared bands at 0.9 and 2
m, and may exhibit a
variety of different absorption features in the visible due to the
presence of trace elements. The work of Cloutis (2002) provided some
examples of this extreme spectral diversity. Pyroxenes are not the
only possible candidates causing the broad inflection between 0.45 and
0.55
m. Cloutis & Burbine (1999) reported that common Fe-sulfides
(troilite, pyrrhotite and intermediate phases) may be spectrally
diverse and show significant spectral variations in the visible and
near-infrared as a function of composition, as well as heating and
oxidation degree. Some of the Fe-sulfide spectra show similar
inflections.
The feature at 0.52 m might be due to traces of Fe3+ in the
tetrahedral sites of clinopyroxenes. Even if only traces of Fe3+are present in tetrahedral sites, absorptions of tetrahedral Fe3+are predicted to be amplified with respect to those of octahedral
Fe3+. Spin-forbidden transitions in tetrahedral Fe3+ (i.e.,
Fe3+ substitutes for Si in SiO4 tetrahedral) produce
absorption at
0.52-0.53
m (
). Another corresponding transition produces bands at
0.48-0.49
m (
), and
0.42-0.44
m (
),
although the exact positions may vary from mineral to mineral
(Faye & Hogarth 1969; Cohen 1972; Burns et al. 1976). The latter bands may also be
present in the spectrum of Lutetia contributing to the broad
depression around 0.5
m. In minerals containing tetrahedral
Fe3+, the 0.42-0.44
m band is usually the most intense,
while other bands are broader and weaker if spectra are measured at
room temperature. At lower temperatures, absorption features become
narrower (sharper) and relative band intensities may change
(e.g. Bell et al. 1975), which may explain why the 0.52
m band
becomes resolvable in the spectrum of Lutetia. We note that some
shifts of band positions in the visible range as a function of
temperature are also possible (Bell et al. 1975), although it is
difficult to predict the exact behavior. Another possible
contribution to this band at its short-wavelength side is a well-known
0.505-0.510
m band typical of pyroxenes, being due to
spin-forbidden crystal field transitions in Fe2+(e.g. Hazen et al. 1978). It moves to longer wavelengths with
increasing Fe2+ and Ca2+ content in pyroxenes
(Hazen et al. 1978).
The 0.47 m band may be due to spin-allowed crystal field
transitions in Ti3+ in pyroxene M1 sites (usually at
0.455-0.475
m), although Hazen et al. (1978) notes that 0.475
m band is also
prominent in the spectra of Fe-rich orthopyroxenes, where it is due to
Fe2+. Hazen et al. (1978) suggested that in lunar pyroxenes the band
is due to the superposition of Ti3+ and Fe2+ effects.
Cloutis (2002) noted the band at 0.46
m in his reflectance
spectra of Ti-bearing high-Ca pyroxenes and suggested that it was due
to Fe
Ti4+ charge transfer. Cloutis & Hudon (2004)
also reported that the band at 0.46
m is present in reflectance
spectra of Fe-bearing spinels, where its position correlates with
Fe2+ content. In addition, Cloutis (2001) detected the
0.46
m feature in reflectance spectra of millilites (components of
CAIs in carbonaceous chondrites) and tentatively assigned this to
spin-allowed transitions in Fe2+.
We note that although ferric iron in phyllosilicates may contribute to
both the 0.43 m and 0.8
m bands (due possibly to
Fe
charge transfer) seen in our previous
Lutetia spectra (Lazzarin et al. 2004b), the same features may also be caused
by traces of ferric iron in clinopyroxene(s), or traces of ferric iron
in clinopyroxene can at least contribute to these absorptions.
The 0.43
m band due to spin-forbidden transitions in Fe2+ is
common in visible spectra of Fe-bearing orthopyroxenes (Klima et al. 2007; Cloutis 2002, and
references therein).
The broad feature around 0.45-0.55 m is present in reflectance
spectra of some meteorites including some ordinary and carbonaceous
chondrites, HED meteorites (especially diogenites), and ureilites.
However, ordinary chondrites and HED achondrites exhibit deep
absorption bands of mafic silicates in the near-infrared, while
Lutetia is relatively featureless in that spectral range
(Birlan et al. 2006; Burbine & Binzel 2002; Nedelcu et al. 2007; Birlan et al. 2004; Howell et al. 1994). Among meteorites
with relatively featureless NIR spectra, a broad inflection mentioned
above is present in the spectra of some chondrites of CR clan
(including CH) and ureilites. Nearly all spectra of ureilites
(Gaffey 1976; Cloutis & Hudon 2004) exhibit such a feature. Reflectance spectra
of some ureilites also show a weak feature at 0.52
m superimposed
on a broader depression between 0.45 and 0.55
m. Ureilites are
carbon-bearing achondrites containing olivine and several types of
pyroxene i.e. pigeonite, augite, and sometimes low-Ca pyroxene. Some
CO3 and CV3 chondrites, which are favored by several authors as
spectral analogues of Lutetia (Barucci et al. 2005,2008; Birlan et al. 2004), also
show a broad inflection around 0.5
m, but it is weaker than the
features in the spectra of meteorites mentioned above. We note that
in the visible spectrum of Lutetia from Barucci et al. (2005) there appears
to be an absorption band at 0.5
m.
![]() |
Figure 3: The average emissivity spectrum of Lutetia from Barucci et al. (2008) compared to several spectra of carbonaceous chondrites and achondrites acquired at the NASA RELAB facility. Particle sizes in microns are indicated on the plots. The biconical reflectance (R) spectra of meteorite separates were converted to emissivity spectra (E) according to the Kirchhoff's law (E=1-R). For clarity, each spectrum is offset by 0.1 from the previous one. |
Open with DEXTER |
By now, Lutetia has been observed for many spectral ranges, and many surface compositions have been suggested for this object. In the following, we analyze all the available data, including our own observations, in attempting to identify which composition(s) agree with observational data in a wide spectral range.
Barucci et al. (2008) published and analyzed a Spitzer Space Telescope (SST)
emission spectrum of Lutetia between 7.5 and 38 m and concluded
that only fine-grained CV3 and CO3 chondrites reproduced the Lutetia
spectrum in this spectral range. Our own comparison of the published
SST spectrum of Lutetia with available spectra of various minerals and
meteorites, including heated and laser irradiated powders, confirms
Lutetia's affinity with fine-grained CO3 and some CV3 meteorites, and
shows that the majority of meteorite classes provide only a poor match
to the thermal infrared (TIR) spectrum. For example, TIR spectra of
E-chondrites, CI chondrites, and Kaidun meteorite, suggested by
Nedelcu et al. (2007) as possible Lutetia' analogues based on their visible
and near-infrared (VNIR) spectra, do not match the SST spectrum of
Lutetia (Fig. 3). The latter spectrum shows a
well-developed transparency feature centered between 12 and 13
m,
a smooth plateau between 9.5 and 11.5
m, and an emissivity
maximum (Christiansen feature) between 9.2 and 9.5
m
(Fig. 3), indicating that the silicate fraction of
a asteroid surface in the TIR range is spectrally dominated by
fine-grained olivine (possibly Fe-rich). Among known meteorites with
measured TIR spectra, only some carbonaceous meteorites show similar
TIR spectral properties. We found that along with CV3 and some
CO3 chondrites, mentioned by Barucci et al. (2008), the TIR spectra of two
ureilites (Goalpara and GRO95575) and a CH-chondrite PCA91467 from the
RELAB Spectral Database
are
consistent with the Lutetia SST spectrum (Fig. 3).
The latter meteorites show relevant depressions between 0.45 and 0.55
m in their visible spectra.
However it should be noted that Rivkin et al. (2000) and Birlan et al. (2006)
reported a 3 m feature of hydration in the NIR spectra of
Lutetia. If this feature is real, then anhydrous carbonaceous
meteorites, such as ureilites, CO3, and CV3 chondrites are poor
analogues for Lutetia surface composition. Although some CO3 and
CV3 meteorites show signatures of aqueous alteration on a microscopic
scale (Keller et al. 1994; Tomeoka & Buseck 1990,1982), on a macroscopic scale
they can be considered as anhydrous, since their reflectance spectra
lack hydration bands at 2.7-3
m (Jones 1988; Larson et al. 1979). The
2.7
m bands due to O-H stretch in hydrated silicates are absent in
laboratory reflectance spectra of CO3 and CV3 chondrites, while weak
bands at 3
m sometimes detectable in their spectra are due to
adsorbed water (Jones 1988). In contrast, the metal-rich
carbonaceous CH and CB chondrites contain lumps of extensively
hydrated matrix material (Greshake et al. 2002), which can produce detectable
3
m bands in reflectance spectra of these meteorites. In
addition, a high content of coarse metal can increase geometric albedo
to a high value typical of Lutetia. Unfortunately, no spectra of
CB-chondrites have yet been published, but the only available spectrum
of a fine (<75
m) separated CH chondrite PCA91467 from the
RELAB Spectral Database shows features consistent with Lutetia spectra
- nearly featureless NIR spectrum (except for the 2.7-3
m range,
and a weak band near 0.9
m), a depression between 0.45 and
0.55
m, and the TIR spectrum resembling that of Lutetia
(Fig. 3).
We note that all published visible spectra of Lutetia
(Barucci et al. 2005; Lazzarin et al. 2004b; Bus & Binzel 2002), including ours, have relatively
flat UV-Vis spectral slopes compared to available spectra of meteorite
analogues mentioned above, especially at wavelengths shorter than
0.5 m. All meteorites mentioned above contain ferrous and/or ferric
iron, and therefore their spectra show metal-oxygen charge-transfer
absorption towards the UV. We can suggest several possible
explanations for the flatter UV-Vis slopes in the spectra of Lutetia.
Its regolith may be enriched in opaque components (metal and/or
sulfides), either originally, or due to surface alteration processes
such as shock or space weathering. However, the high albedo of Lutetia
makes the space weathering option unlikely. Although space weathering
simulations tend to flatten UV-Vis slopes
(e.g. Noble et al. 2007; Lazzarin et al. 2006), severe alteration accompanied by
significant decreases in albedo would probably be needed to produce a
slope typical of Lutetia. High contents of coarse-grained opaques
would not significantly affect the shape of a TIR spectrum and the
positions of its features. Another possibility could be the extremely
fine grain size of silicate components, which can decrease the
intensity of the UV-absorption band, and hence, the UV-Vis slope
(e.g. Mustard & Hays 1997). This possibility agrees well with the SST
spectrum of Barucci et al. (2008), indicating that silicates on Lutetia's
surface are very fine-grained. Similar flattening of the UV-Vis slope
could also exist in case of a large silicate grain size, causing the
UV-band saturation, but this would be inconsistent with the shape of
the SST spectrum from Barucci et al. (2008). Finally, available meteorite
assemblages may not be representative analogues of the Lutetia surface
composition, and its flat UV-visual slope could be explained by the
low Fe-content in silicates exposed at its surface. Some Fe in
silicates should be present, however, in order to explain the presence
of weak features observed in the visible spectra of Lutetia.
3 Conclusions
We have discussed the presence of absorption bands in visible spectra
of (21) Lutetia, a target of the Rosetta mission. We obtained two new
spectra of this asteroid with different spectral resolutions. We
detected a broad inflection between 0.45 and 0.55 m and two minor
bands around 0.47 and 0.52
m, partially confirming our previous
results. We suggest that these features could be caused by charge
transfer involving various metal ions in pyroxenes. At this stage,
summarizing available results, we conclude that Lutetia is a rather
unusual asteroid. The spectral range of the new visible spectra
presented here (0.45-0.7
m) is too narrow for reliable taxonomic
classification, but our previous spectra (Lazzarin et al. 2004b) are
consistent with C-class of Bus taxonomy (Bus 1999). Although the
radar albedo was reported to be low, IR observations and thermal
modeling (Mueller et al. 2006) showed that the albedo is high and consistent
with the IRAS albedo. The geometric albedo of Lutetia is too high for
it to be a C-class object, but it is not inconsistent with the
possible presence in this asteroid of some carbonaceous meteorites.
Most laboratory spectra of meteorites have been acquired at non-zero
phase angles, while photometric measurements performed as a function
of phase angle show that the reflectance of carbonaceous meteorites
increases drastically at small phase angles
(Sakai & Nakamura 2005; Kamei & Nakamura 2002), especially if the material is
fine-grained and porous (Okada et al. 2006). For example, normal
reflectance of a fine-grained (<45
m) CV3 chondrite Allende is
as high as 0.22 at 0.6
m (Kawakami & Nakamura 2007). It remains unclear
why C-class asteroids are generally far darker then carbonaceous
chondrite powders. Darkening due to impacts and space weathering
could explain the difference. In this case, ``bright'' Lutetia might
represent a body with a relatively ``fresh'' surface. Although the
large mean collisional age of this object suggests a high exposure
value and thus a high degree of space weathering
(Paolicchi et al. 2007; Lazzarin et al. 2006), its surface may have been refreshed
considerably by non-catastrophic collisions. This could be consistent
with the work of Carvano et al. (2008), who suggested that some
discrepancies between albedo and thermal inertia values for Lutetia
derived from various TIR datasets can be explained by the presence of
large craters in its northern hemisphere. Alternative explanation for
the high albedo of Lutetia compared to C-class objects is that
Lutetia's surface may be enriched in bright (coarse-grained), opaque
phases, similarly to metal-rich carbonaceous chondrites, or its
surface could be enriched in fine-grained bright silicates. Finally,
it is possible that Lutetia belongs to the X-class instead of C-class,
as suggested by several researchers, but this in no way precludes a
mineral assemblage related to carbonaceous meteorites. Our analysis
of Lutetia spectra in a wide spectral range, covered with different
observations, suggests that metal-rich carbonaceous chondrites
currently seem to be the most plausible analogue materials. However,
more observations of Lutetia and more laboratory measurements of
meteorites are needed to draw reliable conclusions regarding the
surface composition of the asteroid.
Acknowledgements
We thank S. Mottola for helpful discussions. We thank M.A. Barucci who provided us with the average SST spectrum of Lutetia (Barucci et al. 2008). This research utilizes spectra acquired by T. Hiroi, D.W. Mittlefeldt and P. Hudon with the NASA RELAB facility at Brown University. The work of L.V. Moroz is supported by DLR MERTIS project 50 QW 0502.
References
- Barucci, M. A., Capria, M. T., Coradini, A., & Fulchignoni, M. 1987, Icarus, 72, 304 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef]
- Barucci, M. A., Fulchignoni, M., Fornasier, S., et al. 2005, A&A, 430, 313 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] (In the text)
- Barucci, M. A., Fornasier, S., Dotto, E., et al. 2008, A&A, 477, 665 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] (In the text)
- Bell, III, J. F., Lucey, P. G., Owensby, P. D., & McCord, T. B. 1989, in BAAS, 21, 954
- Bell, P. M., Mao, H. K., & Rossman, G. R. 1975, Absorption spectroscopy of ionic and molecular units in crystals and glasses, Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Lunar and Terrestrial Minerals, ed. C. J. Karr (New York: Academic Press), 1 (In the text)
- Belskaya, I. N., & Lagerkvist, C.-I. 1996, Planet. Space Sci., 44, 783 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
- Birlan, M., Barucci, M. A., Vernazza, P., et al. 2004, New Astronomy, 9, 343 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
- Birlan, M., Vernazza, P., Fulchignoni, M., et al. 2006, A&A, 454, 677 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] (In the text)
- Burbine, T. H., & Binzel, R. P. 2002, Icarus, 159, 468 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
- Burns, R. G., Parkin, K. M., Loeffler, B. M., Leung, I. S., & Abu-Eid, R. M. 1976, in Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, ed. D. C. Kinsler, 7, 2561 (In the text)
- Bus, S. J. 1999, Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (In the text)
- Bus, S. J., & Binzel, R. P. 2002, Icarus, 158, 146 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
- Carvano, J. M., Barucci, M. A., Delbó, M., et al. 2008, A&A, 479, 241 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] (In the text)
- Cloutis, E. A. 2001, in Lunar and Planetary Institute Conference Abstracts, 32, 1128 (In the text)
- Cloutis, E. A. 2002, J. Geophys. Res. (Planets), 107, 5039 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
- Cloutis, E. A. & Burbine, T. H. 1999, in Lunar and Planetary Institute Conference Abstracts, 30, 1875 (In the text)
- Cloutis, E. A. & Hudon, P. 2004, in Lunar and Planetary Institute Conference Abstracts, ed. S. Mackwell, & E. Stansbery, 35, 1257 (In the text)
- Cohen, A. J. 1972, Moon, 4, 141 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef]
- Dotto, E., Barucci, M. A., Fulchignoni, M., et al. 1992, A&AS, 95, 195 [NASA ADS]
- Faye, G. H., & Hogarth, D. D. 1969, Can Mineral, 10, 25
- Gaffey, M. J. 1976, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 905 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef]
- Greshake, A., Krot, A. N., Meibom, A., et al. 2002, Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 37, 281 [NASA ADS] (In the text)
- Hazen, R. M., Bell, P. M., & Mao, H. K. 1978, in Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 9, 2919 (In the text)
- Hicks, M. D., Bauer, J. M., & Tokunaga, A. T. 2004, IAU Circ., 8315, 3 (In the text)
- Hiroi, T., Bell, J. F., Takeda, H., & Pieters, C. M. 1993, Icarus, 102, 107 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
- Howell, E. S., Merenyi, E., & Lebofsky, L. A. 1994, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 10847 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
- Jones, T. D. 1988, Ph.D. Thesis, AA(Arizona Univ., Tucson.)
- Kamei, A., & Nakamura, A. M. 2002, Icarus, 156, 551 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef]
- Kawakami, K., & Nakamura, A. M. 2007, in Lunar and Planetary Institute Conference Abstracts, 38, 1531 (In the text)
- Keller, L. P., Thomas, K. L., Clayton, R. N., et al. 1994, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 5589 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef]
- Klima, R. L., Pieters, C. M., & Dyar, M. D. 2007, Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 42, 235 [NASA ADS]
- Lagerkvist, C.-I., Erikson, A., Debehogne, H., et al. 1995, A&AS, 113, 115 [NASA ADS]
- Larson, H. P., Feierberg, M. A., Fink, U., & Smith, H. A. 1979, Icarus, 39, 257 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef]
- Lazzarin, M., Marchi, S., Barucci, M. A., di Martino, M., & Barbieri, C. 2004a, Icarus, 169, 373 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
- Lazzarin, M., Marchi, S., Magrin, S., & Barbieri, C. 2004b, A&A, 425, L25 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] (In the text)
- Lazzarin, M., Marchi, S., Moroz, L. V., et al. 2006, ApJ, 647, L179 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef]
- Lazzaro, D., Angeli, C. A., Carvano, J. M., et al. 2004, Icarus, 172, 179 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
- Luu, J. X., & Jewitt, D. C. 1990, AJ, 99, 1985 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
- Magri, C., Ostro, S. J., Rosema, K. D., et al. 1999, Icarus, 140, 379 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
- Mueller, M., Harris, A. W., Bus, S. J., et al. 2006, A&A, 447, 1153 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] (In the text)
- Mustard, J. F., & Hays, J. E. 1997, Icarus, 125, 145 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
- Nedelcu, D. A., Birlan, M., Vernazza, P., et al. 2007, A&A, 470, 1157 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] (In the text)
- Noble, S. K., Pieters, C. M., & Keller, L. P. 2007, Icarus, 192, 629 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef]
- Okada, Y. A., Nakamura, M., & T., M. 2006, J. Quant. Spec. Radiat. Transf., 100, 295 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
- Paolicchi, P., Marchi, S., Nesvorný, D., Magrin, S., & Lazzarin, M. 2007, A&A, 464, 1139 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences]
- Prokof'eva, V. V., Bochkov, V. V., & Busarev, V. V. 2005, Sol. Sys. Res., 39, 410 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
- Rivkin, A. S., Howell, E. S., Lebofsky, L. A., Clark, B. E., & Britt, D. T. 2000, Icarus, 145, 351 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
- Sakai, T., & Nakamura, A. M. 2005, Earth, Planets, and Space, 57, 71
- Shepard, M. K., Clark, B. E., Benner, L. A. M., et al. 2005, in BAAS, 37, 628 (In the text)
- Soderblom, L. A. 1992, The composition and mineralogy of the Martian surface from spectroscopic observations - 0.3 micron to 50 microns (Mars), 557
- Tedesco, E. F., Veeder, G. J., Fowler, J. W., & Chillemi, J. R. 1992, The IRAS Minor Planet Survey, Tech. rep. (In the text)
- Tholen, D. J., & Barucci, M. A. 1989, in Asteroids II, ed. R. P. Binzel, T. Gehrels, & M. S. Matthews, 298
- Tomeoka, K., & Buseck, P. R. 1982, Nature, 299, 326 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef]
- Tomeoka, K., & Buseck, P. R. 1990, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 54, 1745 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef]
- Torppa, J., Kaasalainen, M., Michalowski, T., et al. 2003, Icarus, 164, 346 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
- Vilas, F., Hatch, E. C., Larson, S. M., Sawyer, S. R., & Gaffey, M. J. 1993, Icarus, 102, 225 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
- Zappala, V., di Martino, M., Knezevic, Z., & Djurasevic, G. 1984, A&A, 130, 208 [NASA ADS]
- Zellner, B., Tholen, D. J., & Tedesco, E. F. 1985, Icarus, 61, 355 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] (In the text)
Footnotes
- ... mission
- Based on observations performed at ESO, program n. 71.C-0157, P.I. M. Lazzarin.
- ... Database
- http://lf314-rlds.geo.brown.edu
All Figures
![]() |
Figure 1: Spectra of Lutetia taken with EMMI at NTT. Lower spectrum was observed in May 2003 with GRISM #1 while upper spectra were observed in December 2004 with GRISM #1 and GRISM #5. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 2:
Spectrum of Lutetia taken with the GRISM #5 divided by a
linear fit to emphasize the absorption bands. Vertical lines are
placed at 0.47 and 0.52 |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 3: The average emissivity spectrum of Lutetia from Barucci et al. (2008) compared to several spectra of carbonaceous chondrites and achondrites acquired at the NASA RELAB facility. Particle sizes in microns are indicated on the plots. The biconical reflectance (R) spectra of meteorite separates were converted to emissivity spectra (E) according to the Kirchhoff's law (E=1-R). For clarity, each spectrum is offset by 0.1 from the previous one. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
Copyright ESO 2009
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.