Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)

XXXV. The role of cosmic connectivity in shaping galaxy clusters

¹ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
² Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse INP, UT3, 31062 Toulouse, France
³ Laboratoire MCD, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UT3, 31062 Toulouse, France
⁴ Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
⁵ Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, 59000 Lille, France
⁶ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France
⁷ INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy
⁸ Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, UMR5574, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 69230 Saint-Genis-Laval, France
⁹ Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University 61, avenue de l’Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
¹⁰ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
¹¹ Kyung Hee University, Dept. of Astronomy & Space Science, Yongin-shi, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
¹² School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
¹³ Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
¹⁴ Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France
¹⁵ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
¹⁶ Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
¹⁷ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
¹⁸ Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
¹⁹ ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
²⁰ School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
²¹ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
²² INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
²³ Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
²⁴ IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy
²⁵ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
²⁶ INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, TS, Italy
²⁷ SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, TS, Italy
²⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
²⁹ INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
³⁰ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
³¹ Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
³² Institut de Physique Théorique, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
³³ Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
³⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
³⁵ INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
³⁶ Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
³⁷ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy
³⁸ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal
³⁹ Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo de Alegre, 4150-007 Porto, Portugal
⁴⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
⁴¹ INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
⁴² INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, (TO), Italy
⁴³ European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁴⁴ Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333, CA, Leiden, The Netherlands
⁴⁵ INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁴⁶ Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
⁴⁷ Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
⁴⁸ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy
⁴⁹ INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
⁵⁰ Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
⁵¹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁵² Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Vía Láctea, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁵³ Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
⁵⁴ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
⁵⁵ European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
⁵⁶ Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
⁵⁷ Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
⁵⁸ Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
⁵⁹ UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁶⁰ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
⁶¹ Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁶² Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁶³ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
⁶⁴ Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany
⁶⁵ INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁶⁶ School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
⁶⁷ FRACTAL S.L.N.E., calle Tulipán 2, Portal 13 1A, 28231 Las Rozas de Madrid, Spain
⁶⁸ NRC Herzberg, 5071 West Saanich Rd, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada
⁶⁹ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern 0315, Oslo, Norway
⁷⁰ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
⁷¹ Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
⁷² Felix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany
⁷³ Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
⁷⁴ Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark
⁷⁵ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
⁷⁶ NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
⁷⁷ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
⁷⁸ Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁷⁹ Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
⁸⁰ Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁸¹ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
⁸² Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
⁸³ Laboratoire d’etude de l’Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France
⁸⁴ SKA Observatory, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK11 9FT, UK
⁸⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁸⁶ INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁸⁷ University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Computer Science, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
⁸⁸ Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
⁸⁹ INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185, Roma, Italy
⁹⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁹¹ Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
⁹² Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France
⁹³ Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France
⁹⁴ CNRS-UCB International Research Laboratory, Centre Pierre Binetruy, IRL2007, CPB-IN2P3, Berkeley, USA
⁹⁵ Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁹⁶ Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692, Madrid, Spain
⁹⁷ Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
⁹⁸ School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
⁹⁹ DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
¹⁰⁰ Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
¹⁰¹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
¹⁰² Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
¹⁰³ Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov 077125, Romania
¹⁰⁴ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Calle Serrano 117, 28006, Madrid, Spain
¹⁰⁵ Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
¹⁰⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
¹⁰⁷ INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
¹⁰⁸ Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
¹⁰⁹ Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
¹¹⁰ Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
¹¹¹ Université St Joseph; Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
¹¹² Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada, 2008, Santiago, Chile
¹¹³ Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
¹¹⁴ Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
¹¹⁵ Satlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld, 48940 Leioa-Bilbao, Spain
¹¹⁶ Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
¹¹⁷ Centre for Electronic Imaging, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
¹¹⁸ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
¹¹⁹ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal
¹²⁰ Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)
¹²¹ Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
¹²² Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
¹²³ Centre for Information Technology, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11044, 9700 CA, Groningen, The Netherlands
¹²⁴ Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
¹²⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
¹²⁶ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
¹²⁷ INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹²⁸ Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
¹²⁹ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC); Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
¹³⁰ Université PSL, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, LERMA, 75014 Paris, France
¹³¹ Université Paris-Cité, 5 Rue Thomas Mann, 75013 Paris, France
¹³² Zentrum für Astronomie, Universität Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 12, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
¹³³ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Emilio Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate, Italy
¹³⁴ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, and INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
¹³⁵ ICL, Junia, Université Catholique de Lille, LITL, 59000 Lille, France
¹³⁶ ICSC – Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy
¹³⁷ Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
¹³⁸ CERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
¹³⁹ Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
¹⁴⁰ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
¹⁴¹ Laboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France
¹⁴² Departamento de Física Fundamental. Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de la Merced s/n., 37008 Salamanca, Spain
¹⁴³ Center for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
¹⁴⁴ Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
¹⁴⁵ Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Boltzmannstr. 8, 85748 Garching, Germany
¹⁴⁶ California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
¹⁴⁷ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
¹⁴⁸ Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100 Lecce, Italy
¹⁴⁹ INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100 Lecce, Italy
¹⁵⁰ INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
¹⁵¹ Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
¹⁵² Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Edificio Juan Jordá, Avenida de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain
¹⁵³ CEA Saclay, DFR/IRFU, Service d’Astrophysique, Bat. 709, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
¹⁵⁴ Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
¹⁵⁵ Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400 Espoo FI-00 076, Finland
¹⁵⁶ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, c/ Via Lactea s/n, La Laguna 38200, Spain. Departamento de Astrofísica de la Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Francisco Sanchez, La Laguna, 38200, Spain
¹⁵⁷ Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute (AIRUB), German Centre for Cosmological Lensing (GCCL), 44780 Bochum, Germany
¹⁵⁸ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 University of Turku, Finland
¹⁵⁹ Serco for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692, Madrid, Spain
¹⁶⁰ ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, Australia
¹⁶¹ Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
¹⁶² Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
¹⁶³ DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
¹⁶⁴ Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
¹⁶⁵ Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
¹⁶⁶ Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
¹⁶⁷ Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
¹⁶⁸ IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
¹⁶⁹ Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
¹⁷⁰ Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
¹⁷¹ Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
¹⁷² INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
¹⁷³ Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
¹⁷⁴ Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
¹⁷⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 Roma, Italy
¹⁷⁶ INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
¹⁷⁷ HE Space for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692, Madrid, Spain
¹⁷⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica – Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
¹⁷⁹ Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
¹⁸⁰ Theoretical astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 515, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
¹⁸¹ Mathematical Institute, University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333, CA, Leiden, The Netherlands
¹⁸² School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
¹⁸³ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
¹⁸⁴ Space physics and astronomy research unit, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
¹⁸⁵ Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, 10010 New York, NY, USA
¹⁸⁶ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada

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Received: 20 March 2025
Accepted: 19 January 2026

Abstract

The matter around galaxy clusters is distributed over several filaments, reflecting their positions as nodes in the large-scale cosmic web. The number of filaments connected to a cluster, i.e. its connectivity, is expected to affect the physical properties of clusters. Using the first Euclid galaxy catalogue from the Euclid Quick Release 1 (Q1), we investigated the connectivity of galaxy clusters and how it correlates with their physical and galaxy member properties. Around 220 clusters located within the three fields of Q1 (covering ∼63 deg²) were analysed in the redshift range 0.2  <  z  <  0.7. Due to the photometric redshift uncertainty, we reconstructed the cosmic web skeleton, and measured the cluster connectivity, in 2D projected slices with a thickness of 170 comoving h⁻¹ Mpc and centred on each cluster redshift, by using two different filament finder algorithms on the most massive galaxies (M_★ > 10^10.3 M_⊙). In agreement with previous measurements, we recovered the mass-connectivity relation independently of the filament detection algorithm, showing that the most massive clusters are, on average, connected to a larger number of cosmic filaments, consistent with hierarchical structure formation models. Furthermore, we explored the possible correlations between connectivities and two cluster properties: the fraction of early-type galaxies and the Sérsic index of galaxy members. Our result suggests that the clusters populated by early-type galaxies exhibit higher connectivity compared to clusters dominated by late-type galaxies. These preliminary investigations highlight our ability to quantify the impact of the cosmic web’s connectivity on cluster properties with Euclid.