| Issue |
A&A
Volume 711, July 2026
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Article Number | A286 | |
| Number of page(s) | 17 | |
| Section | Extragalactic astronomy | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202554581 | |
| Published online | 23 July 2026 | |
Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)
XXXIX. The evolution of the passive-density and morphology-density relations between z = 0.25 and z = 1
1
Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France
2
CNRS-UCB International Research Laboratory, Centre Pierre Binetruy, IRL2007, CPB-IN2P3 Berkeley, USA
3
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
4
IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy
5
Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People’s Republic of China
6
School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
7
Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
8
INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy
9
Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, 59000 Lille, France
10
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France
11
Sterrenkundig Observatorium, Universiteit Gent, Krijgslaan 281 S9, 9000 Gent, Belgium
12
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
13
School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
14
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy
15
ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
16
School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
17
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
18
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
19
Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
20
INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy
21
SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy
22
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
23
INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
24
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
25
Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
26
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy
27
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
28
INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
29
Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
30
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal
31
Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo de Alegre, 4150-007 Porto, Portugal
32
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
33
INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
34
European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
35
Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA, Leiden, The Netherlands
36
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
37
INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
38
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
39
Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
40
Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
41
Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
42
Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
43
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy
44
INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
45
Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
46
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
47
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Vía Láctea, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
48
Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
49
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
50
European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
51
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
52
Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
53
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
54
UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
55
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
56
Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
57
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
58
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
59
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
60
INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
61
School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
62
Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany
63
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
64
NRC Herzberg, 5071 West Saanich Rd, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada
65
Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern 0315, Oslo, Norway
66
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
67
Felix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany
68
Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
69
Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark
70
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
71
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
72
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
73
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
74
Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
75
Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
76
Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
77
Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
78
Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
79
Laboratoire d’etude de l’Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France
80
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
81
SKA Observatory, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK11 9FT, UK
82
Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
83
INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
84
University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Computer Science, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
85
Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
86
INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy
87
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
88
Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
89
Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France
90
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
91
Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
92
Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
93
Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
94
School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
95
DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
96
Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
97
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
98
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
99
Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
100
Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov 077125, Romania
101
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Calle Serrano 117, 28006 Madrid, Spain
102
Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
103
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
104
INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
105
Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
106
Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
107
Université St Joseph; Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
108
Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
109
Satlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld 48940, Leioa-Bilbao, Spain
110
Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
111
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal
112
Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)
113
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
114
Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
115
Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
116
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
117
INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
118
Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
119
Zentrum für Astronomie, Universität Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 12, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
120
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Emilio Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate, Italy
121
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, and INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
122
ICL, Junia, Université Catholique de Lille, LITL, 59000 Lille, France
123
ICSC – Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy
124
Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
125
CERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
126
Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
127
Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
128
Laboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France
129
Departamento de Física Fundamental. Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de la Merced s/n., 37008 Salamanca, Spain
130
Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France
131
Center for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
132
Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
133
Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Boltzmannstr. 8, 85748 Garching, Germany
134
Dipartimento di Fisica – Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
135
California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
136
Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
137
Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100 Lecce, Italy
138
INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100 Lecce, Italy
139
INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
140
Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
141
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC); Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
142
Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Edificio Juan Jordá, Avenida de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain
143
CEA Saclay, DFR/IRFU, Service d’Astrophysique, Bat. 709, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
144
Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Bryant Space Science Center, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
145
Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400 Espoo FI-00 076, Finland
146
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, c/ Via Lactea s/n, La Laguna 38200, Spain. Departamento de Astrofísica de la Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Francisco Sanchez, La Laguna, 38200, Spain
147
Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute (AIRUB), German Centre for Cosmological Lensing (GCCL), 44780 Bochum, Germany
148
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 University of Turku, Finland
149
Serco for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692, Madrid, Spain
150
ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, Australia
151
Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
152
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
153
DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
154
Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
155
Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
156
Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
157
IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
158
Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
159
Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
160
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
161
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
162
Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
163
Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
164
HE Space for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692, Madrid, Spain
165
Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
166
Theoretical astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 515, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
167
Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
168
Mathematical Institute, University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CA, Leiden, The Netherlands
169
Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
170
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
171
Space physics and astronomy research unit, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
172
Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, 10010 New York, NY, USA
173
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
★ Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Received:
17
March
2025
Accepted:
1
April
2026
Abstract
The extent to which the environment affects galaxy evolution has been under scrutiny by researchers for decades. With the first data from Euclid, we can begin to systematically study a wide range of environments and their effects as a function of redshift, using 63 deg2 of space-based data. In this paper, we present results from the Euclid Quick Data Release, where we measured the passive-density and morphology-density relations in the redshift range z = 0.25–1. We determined if a galaxy is passive using the specific star formation rate, and we classified the morphologies of galaxies using the Sérsic index n and the u − r colours. We measured the local environmental density of each galaxy using the Nth-nearest neighbour method. We find that at a fixed stellar mass, the quenched fraction (the fraction of galaxies that have ceased star formation) increases with increasing local environmental density up to z = 1. This result is indicative of the separability of the effects from the stellar mass and the environment. Similarly, at all redshifts in this work, the early-type galaxy fraction increases with increasing density at fixed stellar mass, meaning the environment also transforms the morphology of the galaxy independently of stellar mass, up to M* ≲ 1010.8 M⊙. For M* ≳ 1010.8 M⊙, almost all galaxies are early-types, with minimal impact from the environment. At z > 0.75, the morphology depends mostly on stellar mass, with only low-mass galaxies being affected by the environment. Given that the morphology classifications use u − r colours, these are correlated to the star formation rate, and as such our morphology results should be taken with caution, yet future morphology classifications should help verify these results. To summarise, we successfully identify the passive-density and morphology-density relations at 0.25 < z < 1. Future Euclid data releases are key to confirm these trends at higher redshifts.
Key words: galaxies: clusters: general / galaxies: evolution / galaxies: star formation
© The Authors 2026
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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